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Non-venous Pelvic Pain and Roles for Pelvic Floor PT or Pudendal Nerve Blocks.
Echols, K, Rich, J
Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology. 2021;(1):100735
Abstract
Non-venous pelvic pain is a dilemma that can frustrate even the most patient of providers. Managing these conditions can be even more bewildering as they require a multidisciplinary approach in most cases. Diet and lifestyle modifications in addition to physical therapy, biofeedback, medications, surgery and integrative medicine modalities can be used alone or in combination to relieve symptoms and should be individualized after proper evaluation and diagnosis. Because most of these conditions are located in the area of pudendal nerve distribution, pudendal nerve blocks have been very successful in helping to control the pain symptoms and should be used judiciously. Here we discuss the common conditions and how physical therapy and pudendal nerve blocks play a significant role in treatment.
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2.
[Fecal incontinence].
Lamm, S, Rosenberg, R
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2019;(9):559-564
Abstract
Fecal incontinence Abstract. Fecal incontinence may be due to various pathologies and is underreported. The prevalence among females is age dependent, ranging from 16 % in younger women and up to 40 % in elderly women. Given this wide range, it is suspected there may be a high rate of undetected and / or underreported cases. The most common aetiology is pelvic floor disorders which is the focus of this article. First-line therapy for pelvic floor disorders is conservative, and may include professionally guided pelvic floor exercises supported by biofeedback training, dietary adjustments, fiber supplementation, and constipating agents. If this fails, additional treatment options include sacral nerve modulation which offers an effective, minimally invasive therapy for patients with insufficient improvement after conservative therapy.
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3.
Pelvic Floor Ultrasound: A Review.
Dietz, HP
Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2017;(1):58-81
Abstract
Female pelvic floor dysfunction encompasses a number of prevalent conditions and includes pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and fecal incontinence, obstructed defecation, and sexual dysfunction. In most cases neither etiology nor pathophysiology are well understood. Imaging has great potential to enhance both research and clinical management capabilities, and to date this potential is underutilized. Of the available techniques such as x-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, the latter is generally superior for pelvic floor imaging, especially in the form of perineal or translabial imaging. The technique is safe, simple, cheap, easily accessible and provides high spatial and temporal resolutions.
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Conservative management for female urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse review 2013: Summary of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence.
Dumoulin, C, Hunter, KF, Moore, K, Bradley, CS, Burgio, KL, Hagen, S, Imamura, M, Thakar, R, Williams, K, Chambers, T
Neurourology and urodynamics. 2016;(1):15-20
Abstract
AIMS: The objective of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence (ICI) chapter on Adult Conservative Management was to review and summarize the new evidence on conservative management of urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in order to compile a current reference source for clinicians, health researchers, and service planners. In this paper, we present the review highlights and new evidence on female conservative management. METHODS Revision and updates of the 4th ICI Report using systematic review covering years 2008-2012. RESULTS Each section begins with a brief definition and description of the intervention followed by a summary, where possible, of both the state and level of evidence for prevention and treatment, and ends with a "grade of recommendation." The paper concludes with areas identified as requiring further research. CONCLUSIONS For UI, there are no prevention trials on lifestyle interventions. There are, however, few new intervention trials of lifestyle interventions involving weight loss and fluid intake with improved levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. Outside of pre- and post-natal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) trials for the prevention of female UI, there is a dearth of PFMT prevention trials for women with UI. PFMT remains the first-line treatment for female UI with high levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Bladder training levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are maintained. For POP, new evidence supports the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the treatment of POP and there are now improved levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:15-20, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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5.
Pelvic floor dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bondurri, A, Maffioli, A, Danelli, P
Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica. 2015;(4):249-59
Abstract
Advances in tailored medical therapy and introduction of biologic agents for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment have ensured long-term disease remission. Some patients, however, still report defecatory symptoms. Patients present with a wide spectrum of conditions - anal incontinence, obstructed defecation and pelvic pain among the most frequent - that have a great impact on their quality of life. Due to IBD diagnosis, little relevance is attributed to this type of symptoms and their epidemiologic distribution is unknown. Pathogenetic hypotheses are currently under investigation. Routine diagnostic workflow and therapeutic options in pelvic floor service are often underused. The evaluation of these disorders starts with an endoscopy to rule out ongoing disease; the following diagnostic workflow is the same as in patients without IBD. For fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation, simple conservative therapy with dietary modifications and appropriate fluid intake is effective in most cases. In non-responding patients, anorectal physiology tests and imaging are required to select patients for pelvic floor muscle training and biofeedback. These treatments have been proven effective in IBD patients. Some new minimally invasive alternative strategies are available for IBD patients, as sacral nerve and posterior tibial nerve stimulation; for other ones (e.g., bulking agent implantation) IBD still remains an exclusion criterion. In order to preserve anatomical areas that could be useful for future reconstructive techniques, surgical options to cure pelvic floor dysfunction are indicated only in a small group of IBD patients, due to the high risk of failure in wound healing and to the possible side effects of surgery, which can lead to anal incontinence or to a possible proctectomy. A particular issue among defecatory symptoms in patients with IBD is paradoxical puborectalis contraction after restorative proctocolectomy: if this disorder is properly diagnosed, a conservative treatment is indicated, thus avoiding unnecessary laparotomy for small bowel occlusion. Pelvic pain management, coordinated by a specialist with expertise in pelvic floor disorders, includes many options, which vary from oral or local therapies to pelvic floor rehabilitation and sacral nerve stimulation. Surgical procedures often have unsatisfactory outcomes. Diagnosis and investigation of anorectal functional disorders in patients with IBD is important in order to implement better-suited diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, so as to avoid unnecessary and potentially detrimental medical and surgical therapies, with the final aim of improving patients' quality of life.
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6.
Food, fibre, bile acids and the pelvic floor: An integrated low risk low cost approach to managing irritable bowel syndrome.
Philpott, H, Nandurkar, S, Lubel, J, Gibson, PR
World journal of gastroenterology. 2015;(40):11379-86
Abstract
Patients presenting with abdominal pain and diarrhea are often labelled as suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, and medications may be used often without success. Advances in the understanding of the causes of the symptoms (including pelvic floor weakness and incontinence, bile salt malabsorption and food intolerance) mean that effective, safe and well tolerated treatments are now available.
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7.
Translabial ultrasound in the assessment of pelvic floor and anorectal function in women with defecatory disorders.
Dietz, HP
Techniques in coloproctology. 2014;(5):481-94
Abstract
This article shows how modern ultrasound imaging can contribute to the investigation of patients with posterior vaginal wall prolapse, obstructed defecation, fecal incontinence and rectal intussusception/prolapse, conditions that should be similarly relevant and of interest to colorectal surgeons, gastroenterologists and gynecologists. Translabial/perineal ultrasound, a simple, universally available technique, may serve as a first-line diagnostic tool in women with posterior compartment prolapse and/or symptoms of obstructed defecation, largely replacing defecation proctography and magnetic resonance proctography. This has advantages for healthcare systems, since sonographic imaging is less expensive, non-invasive, less time-consuming and does not involve radiation exposure. However, there is a substantial need for teaching that remains unmet to date. This article illustrates in details the technique of translabial ultrasonography adopted by our unit and reviews the literature supporting this method of assessing pelvic floor and anorectal function in women with defecatory disorders.
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8.
Pelvic floor ultrasonography: an update.
Shek, KL, Dietz, HP
Minerva ginecologica. 2013;(1):1-20
Abstract
Female pelvic floor dysfunction encompasses a number of highly prevalent clinical conditions such as female pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and fecal incontinence, and sexual dysfunction. The etiology and pathophysiology of those conditions are, however, not well understood. Recent technological advances have seen a surge in the use of imaging, both in research and clinical practice. Among the techniques available such as sonography, X-ray, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound is superior for pelvic floor imaging, especially in the form of perineal or translabial imaging. The technique is safe with no radiation, simple, cheap, easily accessible and provides high spatial and temporal resolutions. Translabial or perineal ultrasound is useful in determining residual urinary volume, detrusor wall thickness, bladder neck mobility and in assessing pelvic organ prolapse as well as levator function and anatomy. It is at least equivalent to other imaging techniques in diagnosing, such diverse conditions as urethral diverticula, rectal intussusception and avulsion of the puborectalis muscle. Ultrasound is the only imaging method capable of visualizing modern slings and mesh implants and may help selecting patients for implant surgery. Delivery-related levator injury seems to be the most important etiological factor for pelvic organ prolapse and recurrence after prolapse surgery, and it is most conveniently diagnosed by pelvic floor ultrasound. This review gives an overview of the methodology. Its main current uses in clinical assessment and research will also be discussed.
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9.
Medical and surgical management of pelvic floor disorders affecting defecation.
Schey, R, Cromwell, J, Rao, SS
The American journal of gastroenterology. 2012;(11):1624-33; quiz p.1634
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Abstract
Pelvic floor disorders that affect stool evacuation include structural (for example, rectocele) and functional disorders (for example, dyssynergic defecation (DD)). Meticulous history, digital rectal examination (DRE), and physiological tests such as anorectal manometry, colonic transit study, balloon expulsion, and imaging studies such as anal ultrasound, defecography, and static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can facilitate an objective diagnosis and optimal treatment. Management consists of education and counseling regarding bowel function, diet, laxatives, most importantly behavioral and biofeedback therapies, and finally surgery. Randomized clinical trials have established that biofeedback therapy is effective in treating DD. Because DD may coexist with conditions such as solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) and rectocele, before considering surgery, biofeedback therapy should be tried and an accurate assessment of the entire pelvis and its function should be performed. Several surgical approaches have been advocated for the treatment of pelvic floor disorders including open, laparoscopic, and transabdominal approach, stapled transanal rectal resection, and robotic colon and rectal resections. However, there is lack of well-controlled randomized studies and the efficacy of these surgical procedures remains to be established.
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The role of two- and three-dimensional dynamic ultrasonography in pelvic organ prolapse.
Dietz, HP
Journal of minimally invasive gynecology. 2010;(3):282-94
Abstract
The assessment of pelvic organ prolapse has to date been limited to the clinical evaluation of surface anatomy. This is clearly insufficient. As a result, imaging of pelvic floor function and anatomy is moving from the fringes to the mainstream of obstetrics and gynecology. This is mainly due to the realization that pelvic floor trauma in labor is common, generally overlooked, and a major factor in the causation of pelvic organ prolapse. Modern imaging methods such as magnetic resonance and 3-dimensional ultrasonography have enabled us to diagnose such abnormalities reliably and accurately, most commonly in the form of an avulsion of the puborectalis muscle off its insertion on the os pubis. However, ultrasonography has other advantages in the assessment of pelvic organ prolapse, most notably in the differential diagnosis of posterior compartment prolapse, which can be due to at least 5 different conditions. In this review I will try to summarize the methods of prolapse and pelvic floor assessment by translabial ultrasonography and to describe the most common abnormalities and their consequences. This article will not deal with magnetic resonance imaging because I consider this technology to be of limited clinical utility due to technical restrictions, expense, and access issues.