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RD43 rice flour: the effect on starch digestibility and quality of noodles, glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones and appetite control in humans.
Suklaew, PO, Chusak, C, Wang, CK, Adisakwattana, S
Food & function. 2021;(17):7975-7985
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop wheat noodles substituted with 10-40% RD43 rice flour. Starch digestibility and physicochemical and sensory properties of RD43 rice noodles and its effect on glycemic response, gut hormones, and appetite sensation in humans were also determined. The results demonstrated that the substitution of 10-40% RD43 rice flour reduced starch digestibility, the hydrolysis index, and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), while increasing undigestible starch in noodles. Noodles prepared with 30% RD43 rice flour slightly increased water absorption (WA), and the swelling index (SI) without altering cooking loss. When compared with the control, 30% RD43 rice showed higher lightness (L*) and lower redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and hardness with similar overall acceptability. In human studies, ingestion of 30% RD43 rice noodles significantly lowered postprandial plasma glucose at 15-90 min. Interestingly, the postprandial concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) also significantly increased at 30 min after the intake of 30% RD43 rice noodles. A significantly lower desire to eat and higher fullness were detected after 30% RD43 rice noodle consumption until 120 min. This suggests that RD43 rice flour could be a potential ingredient in noodles for controlling the glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones, and appetite sensation.
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How oro-sensory exposure and eating rate affect satiation and associated endocrine responses-a randomized trial.
Lasschuijt, M, Mars, M, de Graaf, C, Smeets, PAM
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;(6):1137-1149
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Longer oral processing decreases food intake. This can be attributed to greater oro-sensory exposure (OSE) and a lower eating rate (ER). How these factors contribute to food intake, and the underlying physiological mechanisms, remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the independent and simultaneous effects of OSE and ER on satiation and associated endocrine responses. METHODS Forty participants in study 1 [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 4 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 22 ± 2] and 20 in study 2 (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 2) participated in a 2 × 2 randomized trial. In both studies, participants ate chocolate custard with added caramel sauce (low OSE) or caramel fudge (high OSE) and with short (fast ER) or long breaks (slow ER) in between bites, until fullness. In study 2, endocrine responses were measured during the meal. RESULTS In study 1, participants ate (mean ± SEM) 42 ± 15 g less in the slow- than in the fast-ER condition, only within the high-OSE condition (P = 0.04). In study 2, participants ate 66 ± 21 g less in the high- than in the low-OSE condition and there were no intake differences between slow and fast ER (P = 0.35). Eight minutes after starting to eat, insulin concentrations increased by 42%-65% in all treatments compared with the control. At the end of the meal, insulin concentrations were 81% higher in the high-OSE, slow-ER than in the low-OSE, fast-ER condition (P = 0.049). Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) increased by 62%, 5 min after meal onset in the low-OSE, fast-ER condition (P = 0.005). Ghrelin concentrations did not change. CONCLUSIONS Greater OSE increases insulin responsiveness. In contrast, PP responses are stronger when OSE is reduced and ER is fast. Insulin and PP responses may mediate the independent effects of OSE and ER on food intake. These may be beneficial eating strategies, particularly for type 2 diabetic patients, to control food intake and maintain glucose homeostasis.This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NL6544.
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Possible role of peptide YY (PYY) in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
El-Salhy, M, Hatlebakk, JG, Hausken, T
Neuropeptides. 2020;:101973
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder of unknown aetiology for which there is no effective treatment. Although IBS does not increase mortality, it reduces the quality of life and is an economic burden to both the patients themselves and society as a whole. Peptide YY (PYY) is localized in endocrine cells located in the ileum, colon and rectum. The concentration of PYY and the density of PYY cells are decreased in both the colon and rectum but unchanged in the ileum of patients with IBS. The low density of PYY cells in the large intestine may be caused by a decreased number of stem cells and their progeny toward endocrine cells. PYY regulates the intestinal motility, secretion and absorption as well as visceral sensitivity via modulating serotonin release. An abnormality in PYY may therefore contribute to the intestinal dysmotility and visceral hypersensitivity seen in IBS patients. Diet management involving consuming a low-FODMAP diet restores the density of PYY cells in the large intestine and improves abdominal symptoms in patients with IBS. This review shows that diet management appears to be a valuable tool for correcting the PYY abnormalities in the large intestine of IBS patients in the clinic.
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Effect of Macronutrient Type and Gastrointestinal Release Site on PYY Response in Normal Healthy Subjects.
Mangan, AM, Al Najim, W, McNamara, N, Martin, WP, Antanaitis, A, Bleiel, SB, Kent, RM, le Roux, CW, Docherty, NG
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2019;(9):3661-3669
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enteroendocrine L cells release satiety inducing hormones in response to stimulation by luminal macronutrients. We sought to profile the differential effect of macronutrient type and site of release on circulating concentrations of the L cell-derived enteroendocrine hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine (amino acids 1 to 36) (PYY). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight healthy volunteers were recruited to a randomized, double-blinded, six-way crossover study. At each visit, the participants consumed a 500-kcal drink containing carbohydrate, protein, or fat in either gastric or small intestinal release formulations. Plasma PYY concentrations and hunger ratings were assessed for 3 hours after consumption of the test drink. The food intake was recorded thereafter at an ad libitum lunch. RESULTS Microcapsular formulations targeting the distal small intestinal delivery of fat, but not carbohydrate or protein, markedly enhance PYY release relative to macronutrient delivery in gastric release formulations. Food intake at an ad libitum meal was lowest after consumption of the formulation releasing fat at the distal small intestine. CONCLUSION Targeting of fat to the distal small intestine in delayed release microcapsules enhanced PYY release and was associated with reductions in food intake.
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Combined GLP-1, Oxyntomodulin, and Peptide YY Improves Body Weight and Glycemia in Obesity and Prediabetes/Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Behary, P, Tharakan, G, Alexiadou, K, Johnson, N, Wewer Albrechtsen, NJ, Kenkre, J, Cuenco, J, Hope, D, Anyiam, O, Choudhury, S, et al
Diabetes care. 2019;(8):1446-1453
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) augments postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM), and peptide YY (PYY). Subcutaneous infusion of these hormones ("GOP"), mimicking postprandial levels, reduces energy intake. Our objective was to study the effects of GOP on glycemia and body weight when given for 4 weeks to patients with diabetes and obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this single-blinded mechanistic study, obese patients with prediabetes/diabetes were randomized to GOP (n = 15) or saline (n = 11) infusion for 4 weeks. We also studied 21 patients who had undergone RYGB and 22 patients who followed a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) as unblinded comparators. Outcomes measured were 1) body weight, 2) fructosamine levels, 3) glucose and insulin during a mixed meal test (MMT), 4) energy expenditure (EE), 5) energy intake (EI), and 6) mean glucose and measures of glucose variability during continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS GOP infusion was well tolerated over the 4-week period. There was a greater weight loss (P = 0.025) with GOP (mean change -4.4 [95% CI -5.3, -3.5] kg) versus saline (-2.5 [-4.1, -0.9] kg). GOP led to a greater improvement (P = 0.0026) in fructosamine (-44.1 [-62.7, -25.5] µmol/L) versus saline (-11.7 [-18.9, -4.5] µmol/L). Despite a smaller weight loss compared with RYGB and VLCD, GOP led to superior glucose tolerance after a mixed-meal stimulus and reduced glycemic variability compared with RYGB and VLCD. CONCLUSIONS GOP infusion improves glycemia and reduces body weight. It achieves superior glucose tolerance and reduced glucose variability compared with RYGB and VLCD. GOP is a viable alternative for the treatment of diabetes with favorable effects on body weight.
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The type of training program affects appetite-regulating hormones and body weight in overweight sedentary men.
Shakiba, E, Sheikholeslami-Vatani, D, Rostamzadeh, N, Karim, H
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2019;(3):282-287
Abstract
Exercise-induced weight loss can occur for several reasons, including changes in circulatory levels of appetite-regulating hormones. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of various training programs on fasting serum levels of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY 3-36 (PYY3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), as well as weight and body mass index (BMI) changes. Forty-four overweight men were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 11 individuals, which included (i) endurance group (3 sets of 10 min with 80%-90% of maximum heart rate), (ii) resistance group (4 sets of 8 repetitions with 80% of 1-repetition maximum), (iii) concurrent group (combination of programs of endurance and resistance groups in an alternate manner), and (iv) control group. Training protocols were conducted for 12 weeks for 3 sessions per week. Results showed that all 3 types of training programs resulted in weight loss (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, and p = 0.036 for resistance, concurrent, and endurance groups, respectively), BMI reduction (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, and p = 0.034), decreased serum acylated ghrelin (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, and p = 0.004), and increased PYY hormone levels (p = 0.028, p = 0.035, and p = 0.036). However, the effect of resistance training on these changes was more pronounced. Moreover, none of the exercise programs had any effect on serum levels of GLP-1. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between weight (p = 0.003) and BMI (p = 0.009) changes with ghrelin while a negative correlation was observed between weight (p = 0.003) and BMI (p = 0.03) changes with PYY. The findings suggest that regular exercise training, in particular resistance training, is likely to reduce body weight and improve body composition of overweight inactive people by suppressing orexigenic hormones and stimulating the anorexigenic hormones.
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A high carbohydrate, but not fat or protein meal attenuates postprandial ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1 responses in Chinese men.
Parvaresh Rizi, E, Loh, TP, Baig, S, Chhay, V, Huang, S, Caleb Quek, J, Tai, ES, Toh, SA, Khoo, CM
PloS one. 2018;(1):e0191609
Abstract
It is known that the macronutrient content of a meal has different impacts on the postprandial satiety and appetite hormonal responses. Whether obesity interacts with such nutrient-dependent responses is not well characterized. We examined the postprandial appetite and satiety hormonal responses after a high-protein (HP), high-carbohydrate (HC), or high-fat (HF) mixed meal. This was a randomized cross-over study of 9 lean insulin-sensitive (mean±SEM HOMA-IR 0.83±0.10) and 9 obese insulin-resistant (HOMA-IR 4.34±0.41) young (age 21-40 years), normoglycaemic Chinese men. We measured fasting and postprandial plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total peptide-YY (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin in response to HP, HF, or HC meals. Overall postprandial plasma insulin response was more robust in the lean compared to obese subjects. The postprandial GLP-1 response after HF or HP meal was higher than HC meal in both lean and obese subjects. In obese subjects, HF meal induced higher response in postprandial PYY compared to HC meal. HP and HF meals also suppressed ghrelin greater compared to HC meal in the obese than lean subjects. In conclusion, a high-protein or high-fat meal induces a more favorable postprandial satiety and appetite hormonal response than a high-carbohydrate meal in obese insulin-resistant subjects.
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The effect of breakfast with different macronutrient composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast in Indonesian obese women.
Witjaksono, F, Lukito, W, Wijaya, A, Annisa, NG, Jutamulia, J, Nurwidya, F, Simadibrata, M
BMC research notes. 2018;(1):787
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gut hormones, such as PYY and ghrelin, are associated with appetite control and obesity. Protein is thought to be the most satiating nutrient and could affect the production of several gut hormones. The purpose of the current study was to find the effect of breakfast with different protein composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast. RESULTS This clinical trial involves 22 obese women participants. Subjects were given three types of breakfast: low protein consumption (12.4% protein), medium protein (23.5% protein), and high protein (40.6% protein). PYY and ghrelin levels were measured at 0, 15, 60, 120, and 180 min after breakfast. Ad libitum meal was given 4 h after breakfast and measured after. This study found that there is no significant difference in PYY and ghrelin level at each measurement time between different type of breakfast. This study also found no significant difference of ad libitum energy intake between different type of breakfast. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03697486, 3 December 2018. Retrospectively registered.
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Differences in the Postprandial Release of Appetite-Related Hormones Between Active and Inactive Men.
Bøhler, L, Coutinho, SR, Rehfeld, JF, Morgan, L, Martins, C
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2018;(6):602-610
Abstract
Active, as opposed to inactive, individuals are able to adjust their energy intake after preloads of different energy contents. The mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. This study examined differences in plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones in response to breakfasts of different energy contents, between active and inactive men. Sixteen healthy nonobese (body mass index = 18.5-27 kg/m2) adult males (nine active and seven inactive) participated in this study. Participants were given a high-energy (570 kcal) or a low-energy (205 kcal) breakfast in a random order. Subjective feelings of appetite and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1, total peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin, and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 hr, in response to both breakfasts. Mixed analysis of variance (fat mass [in percentage] as a covariate) revealed a higher concentration of active ghrelin and lower concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1, and cholecystokinin after the low-energy breakfast (p < .001 for all). Postprandial concentration of PYY was greater after the high energy compared with the low energy, but for inactive participants only (p = .014). Active participants had lower postprandial concentrations of insulin than inactive participants (p < .001). Differences in postprandial insulin between breakfasts were significantly lower in active compared with inactive participants (p < .001). Physical activity seems to modulate the postprandial plasma concentration of insulin and PYY after the intake of breakfasts of different energy contents, and that may contribute, at least partially, to the differences in short-term appetite control between active and inactive individuals.
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Subjective satiety and plasma PYY concentration after wholemeal pasta.
Costabile, G, Griffo, E, Cipriano, P, Vetrani, C, Vitale, M, Mamone, G, Rivellese, AA, Riccardi, G, Giacco, R
Appetite. 2018;:172-181
Abstract
Dietary fiber and whole grain foods may contribute to the regulation of appetite; however, evidence has produced inconclusive findings. The objective was to evaluate the effects of an experimental wholemeal pasta on appetite ratings, plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones involved in appetite control, and postprandial glucose/insulin responses in healthy adults. Fourteen healthy adults (7M/7F), mean age 30±2 yrs (mean±SEM), participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Participants consumed on two different days, at one week interval, 117g of wholemeal pasta or 100g of refined wheat pasta (control pasta), similar in energy and macronutrient composition except for fiber amount, which was higher in wholemeal pasta (11 vs 3 g). Appetite ratings, glucose/insulin/lipid and gastrointestinal hormone responses were measured at fasting and for 4-h after the ingestion of the pasta tests, after which self-reported energy intake for 8-h was evaluated. After the wholemeal pasta, the desire to eat and the sensation of hunger were lower (-16%, p=0.04 and -23%, p=0.004, respectively) and satiety was higher (+13%; p=0.08) compared with the control pasta; no effect on self-reported energy intake at subsequent meal was observed. After wholemeal pasta, glucose, triglyceride increased and GLP-1 responses were not different compared to control pasta but insulin response at 30 min (p<0.05) and ghrelin at 60 min (p=0.03) were lower and PYY levels higher (AUC=+44%, p=0.001). The appetite rating changes correlated with PYY plasma levels (p<0.03). In conclusion, consumption of whole grain instead of refined wheat pasta contributed to appetite control but did not seem to influence acute energy balance. Appetite ratings were associated with modifications in PYY hormone concentrations.