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Effect of an Acute Bout of Endurance Exercise on Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations in Young Adults.
Sun, X, Cao, ZB, Taniguchi, H, Tanisawa, K, Higuchi, M
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2017;(11):3937-3944
Abstract
CONTEXT Regular exercise or high physical activity levels are associated with higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations; however, the effect of acute exercise on serum 25(OH)D concentrations remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify whether acute endurance exercise has a direct effect on the circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in young adults. DESIGN AND SETTING Exercise intervention trial in an institutional practice. PATIENTS Twenty young, active adults (males, n = 10; females, n = 10). INTERVENTIONS Participants were asked to perform a cycling exercise for 30 minutes at 70% maximal oxygen uptake. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and other blood parameters were assessed before exercise and at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 24 hours after exercise. RESULTS The serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly increased not only at 0 (P < 0.01), 1 (P < 0.05), and 3 hours (P < 0.01) after exercise, but they were also increased at 24 hours (P < 0.05) after acute endurance exercise in young adults. A significant sex × time interaction effect was observed (P < 0.05), and the incremental areas under the curve for the 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in men than in the women (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS There is a direct effect of endurance exercise on serum 25(OH)D concentrations. In addition, sex disparity was observed in the serum 25(OH)D response to acute endurance exercise, and the increase in 25(OH)D concentrations was greater in men than in women.
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The effects of a mid-morning snack and moderate-intensity exercise on acute appetite and energy intake in 12-14-year-old adolescents.
Varley-Campbell, JL, Moore, MS, Williams, CA
The British journal of nutrition. 2017;(4):602-610
Abstract
Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) should not be considered independent entities, but more an inter-connected system. With increased physical activity and reduced snacking initiatives as prevalent Public Health measures, any changes to subsequent EI from these recommendations should be monitored. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in acute EI and appetite over four conditions: (1) a control condition with no snack and no exercise (CON); (2) a snack condition (+1 MJ; SK); (3) a moderate-intensity cycling exercise condition (-1 MJ; EX); and finally (4) both snack and exercise condition (+1 MJ, -1 MJ; EXSK). Acute changes in appetite (visual analogue scale) and lunchtime EI (ad libitum pizza meal) were recorded in twenty boys and eighteen girls (12-13 years). Lunch EI was not significantly different between conditions or sexes (P>0·05). Relative EI was calculated, where the energy manipulation (+1 MJ from the snack or -1 MJ from the exercise) was added to lunchtime EI. Relative EI indicated no significant differences between the sexes (P>0·05); however, in the EX condition, relative EI was significantly lower (P<0·001) compared with all other conditions. Appetite increased significantly over time (P<0·001) and was significantly higher in the CON and EX conditions compared with the SK and EXSK conditions. No significant sex differences were found between conditions. When aiming to evoke an acute energy deficit, increasing EE created a significantly larger relative energy deficit than the removal of the mid-morning snack. Sex was not a confounder to influence EI or appetite between any of the conditions.
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Intensive training and reduced volume increases muscle FXYD1 expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise in athletes.
Thomassen, M, Gunnarsson, TP, Christensen, PM, Pavlovic, D, Shattock, MJ, Bangsbo, J
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2016;(7):R659-69
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of intensive training in combination with marked reduction in training volume on phospholemman (FXYD1) expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise. Eight well-trained cyclists replaced their regular training with speed-endurance training (10-12 × ∼30-s sprints) two or three times per week and aerobic high-intensity training (4-5 × 3-4 min at 90-95% of peak aerobic power output) 1-2 times per week for 7 wk and reduced the training volume by 70%. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and during a repeated high-intensity exercise protocol, and protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis. Expression of FXYD1 (30%), actin (40%), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (12%), phospholamban (PLN) (16%), and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) γ/δ (25%) was higher (P < 0.05) than before the training intervention. In addition, after the intervention, nonspecific FXYD1 phosphorylation was higher (P < 0.05) at rest and during exercise, mainly achieved by an increased FXYD1 Ser-68 phosphorylation, compared with before the intervention. CaMKII, Thr-287, and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 Thr-56 phosphorylation at rest and during exercise, overall PKCα/β, Thr-638/641, and mTOR Ser-2448 phosphorylation during repeated intense exercise as well as resting PLN Thr-17 phosphorylation were also higher (P < 0.05) compared with before the intervention period. Thus, a period of high-intensity training with reduced training volume increases expression and phosphorylation levels of FXYD1, which may affect Na(+)/K(+) pump activity and muscle K(+) homeostasis during intense exercise. Furthermore, higher expression of CaMKII and PLN, as well as increased phosphorylation of CaMKII Thr-287 may have improved intracellular Ca(2+) handling.
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In Healthy Young Men, a Short Exhaustive Exercise Alters the Oxidative Stress Only Slightly, Independent of the Actual Fitness.
Finkler, M, Hochman, A, Pinchuk, I, Lichtenberg, D
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2016;:9107210
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the apparent disagreement regarding the effect of a typical cycling progressive exercise, commonly used to assess VO2max, on the kinetics of ex vivo copper induced peroxidation of serum lipids. Thirty-two (32) healthy young men, aged 24-30 years, who do not smoke and do not take any food supplements, participated in the study. Blood was withdrawn from each participant at three time points (before the exercise and 5 minutes and one hour after exercise). Copper induced peroxidation of sera made of the blood samples was monitored by spectrophotometry. For comparison, we also assayed TBARS concentration and the activity of oxidation-related enzymes. The physical exercise resulted in a slight and reversible increase of TBARS and slight changes in the activities of the studied antioxidant enzymes and the lag preceding peroxidation did not change substantially. Most altered parameters returned to baseline level one hour after exercise. Notably, the exercise-induced changes in OS did not correlate with the physical fitness of the subjects, as evaluated in this study (VO2max = 30-60 mL/min/kg). We conclude that in healthy young fit men a short exhaustive exercise alters only slightly the OS, independent of the actual physical fitness.
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Acute high-intensity interval rowing increases thrombin generation in healthy men.
Sedgwick, MJ, Thompson, M, Garnham, J, Thackray, AE, Barrett, LA, Powis, M, Stensel, DJ
European journal of applied physiology. 2016;(6):1139-48
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Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity exercise induces several health benefits, but may acutely and transiently increase the risk of cardiovascular events due to thrombotic changes promoting blood coagulation and thrombin formation. This study examined the effects of high-intensity exercise on plasma thrombin generation and triacylglycerol concentrations. METHODS Sixteen healthy men completed two, 2-day conditions separated by 1 week. On day 1, participants rested (control) or completed four, 3-min high-intensity rowing intervals at an average rating of perceived exertion of 17 (exercise). Venous blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention to determine plasma thrombin generation. On day 2, participants rested and consumed a glucose load (0 h) and high-fat meal (2 h). Fifteen venous blood samples were collected between 0 and 8 h to measure plasma thrombin generation and triacylglycerol concentrations. RESULTS On day 1, lag time was shorter and peak thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential were greater in the exercise than control condition (ES ≥ 0.37, main effect condition P ≤ 0.03), and post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (ES ≥ 0.49, main effect time P ≤ 0.003). The magnitude of the post-intervention change was greater in the exercise than control condition for all thrombin generation parameters (condition by time interaction P ≤ 0.05). On day 2, no differences in postprandial thrombin generation parameters were seen between conditions (P ≥ 0.21). The total area under the curve for triacylglycerol was lower in the exercise than control condition (ES = 0.34, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION An acute bout of high-intensity interval rowing increased plasma thrombin generation immediately after exercise, but these differences were eliminated 16-24 h after exercise.
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Glycemic reductions following water- and land-based exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Delevatti, RS, Pinho, CD, Kanitz, AC, Alberton, CL, Marson, EC, Bregagnol, LP, Lisboa, SC, Schaan, BD, Kruel, LF
Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2016;:73-7
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the acute glucose responses to the first sessions of three mesocycles of water- and land-based aerobic exercise. METHODS The water-based exercise group (WBE, n = 14; 54.1 ± 9.1 years) performed deep water walking and/or running, while the land-based exercise group (LBE, n = 11; 60.1 ± 7.3 years) performed walking and/or running on athletic track. In the first mesocycle, patients trained at 85-90% of their anaerobic threshold (AT) for 35 min, progressing to 90-95% of the AT in the second mesocycle, and 95-100% of the AT in the last mesocycle. Capillary glucose was assessed before and immediately after the first session of each mesocycle. RESULTS There was glycemic reduction (p < 0.001) in all sessions, with relative reductions of 19%, 29% and 24% for the WBE and 24%, 29% and 27% for the LBE in the mesocycles 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There were no found differences between groups and between mesocycles. CONCLUSIONS The acute response of blood glucose to aerobic training between 85 and 100% of the heart rate of AT is effective and independent of the environment in which it is performed. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT01956357, clinicaltrials.gov.
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A proteomic study of plasma protein changes under extreme physical stress.
Balfoussia, E, Skenderi, K, Tsironi, M, Anagnostopoulos, AK, Parthimos, N, Vougas, K, Papassotiriou, I, Tsangaris, GT, Chrousos, GP
Journal of proteomics. 2014;:1-14
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Spartathlon race (brisk walking a distance of 246km in less than 36h) was employed as a model of severe physical stress to investigate proteomic alterations in the plasma of athletes at the start (Athens) and finish (Sparta) of the race, as well as 48h after the race (Post). The athletes' plasma was analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and the differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The ProteoSeek™ Albumin/IgG removal kit and the ProteoMiner™ enrichment kit were utilized to detect medium- and low-abundance proteins, whose expression may be masked due to high-abundance proteins. Our results were confirmed by Western blot and biochemical analyses. Overall fifty-two proteins were differentially expressed between the starting point, the finishing line and two days after the end of the race. Of these, thirty proteins were involved in inflammation, while the rest concerned anti-oxidation, anti-coagulation and iron and vitamin D transport. These results indicate that prolonged physical stress affects circulating stress-related proteins, which might be employed as biomarkers of stress-related diseases. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The current study employed the Spartathlon, as a model of prolonged endurance exercise, to identify and isolate putative biomarkers of inflammation under extreme physical stress conditions. These protein quantitative variations may pave the way to exploration and understanding of stress-related physiological processes, the stress response itself and diseases whose onset appears to be linked to stress.
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Weight loss-induced reduction in physical activity recovers during weight maintenance.
Camps, SG, Verhoef, SP, Westerterp, KR
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;(4):917-23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss due to a negative energy balance is considered to be accompanied by a decrease in physical activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether a decrease in physical activity is sustained during weight maintenance. DESIGN Subjects were 20 men and 31 women [mean (±SD) age: 42 ± 8 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 31.4 ± 2.8]. Weight loss was achieved by an 8-wk very-low-energy diet period, followed by 44 wk of weight maintenance. Physical activity measures were total energy expenditure expressed as a multiple of sleeping metabolic rate (PALSMR) and resting metabolic rate (PALRMR), activity-induced energy expenditure divided by body weight (AEE/kg), and activity counts measured by a triaxial accelerometer. Measurements took place at 0, 8, and 52 wk. RESULTS Body mass decreased significantly during the diet period (10.5 ± 3.8%, P < 0.001), and this reduction was sustained after 52 wk (6.0 ± 5.1%, P < 0.001). PALSMR and PALRMR decreased from 1.81 ± 0.23 and 1.70 ± 0.22, respectively, before the diet to 1.69 ± 0.20 and 1.55 ± 0.19 after the diet (P < 0.001) and increased again after weight maintenance to 1.85 ± 0.27 and 1.71 ± 0.23, respectively, compared with 8-wk measurements (P < 0.001). AEE/kg decreased from 0.043 ± 0.015 MJ/kg at baseline to 0.037 ± 0.014 MJ/kg after the diet (P < 0.001) and was higher after 52 wk (0.044 ± 0.17 MJ/kg) compared with after 8 wk (P < 0.001). Activity counts decreased from 1.64 ± 0.37 megacounts/d at baseline to 1.54 ± 0.35 megacounts/d after the diet (P < 0.05) and were higher after 52 wk (1.73 ± 0.49 megacounts/d) compared with 8 wk (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION A weight loss-induced reduction in physical activity returns to baseline values when weight loss is maintained. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01015508.
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Responses during exhaustive exercise at critical power determined from the 3-min all-out test.
Bergstrom, HC, Housh, TJ, Zuniga, JM, Traylor, DA, Lewis, RW, Camic, CL, Schmidt, RJ, Johnson, GO
Journal of sports sciences. 2013;(5):537-45
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine oxygen consumption rate ([Vdot][Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) responses, as well as time to exhaustion (Tlim) values during continuous rides at critical power (CP) determined from the 3-min all-out test. Eighteen participants (mean ± s: 23.6 ± 3.5 years; 72.7 ± 18.2 kg) performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion to determine peak oxygen consumption rate ([Vdot][Formula: see text] peak) and HR peak. Critical power was determined from the 3-min all-out test. Metabolic responses ([Vdot][Formula: see text] and heart rate), RPE, and Tlim were recorded during continuous rides to exhaustion at CP. Linear regression and t-tests were used to compare [Vdot][Formula: see text], heart rate, and RPE responses during the continuous rides to exhaustion. The Tlim at CP was 12.5 ± 6.5 min. There were significant increases in [Vdot][Formula: see text], HR, and RPE during the continuous rides at CP and 15 of the 18 participants reached [Vdot][Formula: see text] peak at exhaustion. Therefore, the [Vdot][Formula: see text], heart rate, and RPE responses, as well as the Tlim values in the present study suggested that CP determined from the 3-min all-out test overestimated the "true" CP and was within the severe exercise intensity domain.
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The time-frame of acute resistance exercise effects on football skill performance: the impact of exercise intensity.
Draganidis, D, Chatzinikolaou, A, Jamurtas, AZ, Carlos Barbero, J, Tsoukas, D, Theodorou, AS, Margonis, K, Michailidis, Y, Avloniti, A, Theodorou, A, et al
Journal of sports sciences. 2013;(7):714-22
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity. Ten elite football players participated in three different trials: control, low-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 8-10 repetitions/set, 65-70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 4-6 repetitions/set, 85-90% 1RM) in a counterbalanced manner. In each experimental condition, participants were evaluated pre, post, and at 24, 48, 72 h post exercise time points. Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing, dribbling, shooting and heading. Delayed onset muscle soreness, knee joint range of motion, and muscle strength (1RM) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers. Blood samples analysed for creatine kinase activity, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count. Passing and shooting performance declined (P < 0.05) post-exercise following resistance exercise. Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise. Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner. These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session.