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1.
Dietary polyphenol and microbiota interactions in the context of prostate health.
Piwowarski, JP, Stanisławska, I, Granica, S
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2022;(1):54-77
Abstract
Recent data strongly indicate a relationship between prostate health and gut microbiota, in which composition and physiological function strictly depend on dietary patterns. The bidirectional interplay of foods containing polyphenols, such as ellagitannins, condensed tannins, lignans, isoflavones, and prenylated flavonoids with human gut microbiota, has been proven to contribute to their impact on prostate health. Considering the attributed role of dietary polyphenols in the prevention of prostate diseases, this paper aims to critically review the studies concerning the influence of polyphenols' postbiotic metabolites on processes associated with the pathophysiology of prostate diseases. Clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on polyphenols have been juxtaposed with the current knowledge regarding their pharmacokinetics, microbial metabolism, and potential interactions with microbiota harboring different niches of the human organism. Directions of future research on dietary polyphenols regarding their interaction with microbiota and prostate health have been indicated.
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2.
Diet, herbs and erectile function: A good friendship!
Olabiyi, AA, Ajayi, K
Andrologia. 2022;(6):e14424
Abstract
Plants and plant materials have been used for thousands of years to treat and control erectile dysfunction in men. This practice has spanned many cultures and traditions around the world, with the therapeutic effects of many plants attributed to their phytochemical constituents. This review explains how polyphenols (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, alkaloids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in plants and plant food products interact with key enzymes (phosphodiesterase-5 [PDE-5], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], acetylcholinesterase [AChE], adenosine deaminase [ADA] and arginase) associated with erectile dysfunction. By modulating or altering the activity of these physiologically important enzymes, various bioactive compounds from plants or plant products can synergistically or additively provide tremendous protection against male erectile problems.
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3.
The Emerging Role of Polyphenols in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes.
Wang, Y, Alkhalidy, H, Liu, D
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;(3)
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a fast-increasing health problem globally, and it results from insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is recognized as one of the major regulatory organs of glucose homeostasis that involves multiple gut hormones and microbiota. Notably, the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells plays a pivotal role in maintaining glucose homeostasis via eliciting pleiotropic effects, which are largely mediated via its receptor. Thus, targeting the GLP-1 signaling system is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy to treatment T2D. Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites from plants, have drawn considerable attention because of their numerous health benefits, including potential anti-diabetic effects. Although the major targets and locations for the polyphenolic compounds to exert the anti-diabetic action are still unclear, the first organ that is exposed to these compounds is the GI tract in which polyphenols could modulate enzymes and hormones. Indeed, emerging evidence has shown that polyphenols can stimulate GLP-1 secretion, indicating that these natural compounds might exert metabolic action at least partially mediated by GLP-1. This review provides an overview of nutritional regulation of GLP-1 secretion and summarizes recent studies on the roles of polyphenols in GLP-1 secretion and degradation as it relates to metabolic homeostasis. In addition, the effects of polyphenols on microbiota and microbial metabolites that could indirectly modulate GLP-1 secretion are also discussed.
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4.
Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Six Commercially Available Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Extracts: Potential Biological Implications.
Catani, MV, Rinaldi, F, Tullio, V, Gasperi, V, Savini, I
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(19)
Abstract
Several phytochemical-containing herbal extracts are increasingly marketed as health-promoting products. In particular, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) is well known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antitumor properties. Here, we evaluated differences in chemical composition among six commercially available products and their potential impact on biological activity in human immortalized colonocytes. Our investigation encompassed: (i) preparation of dry extracts and yield evaluation; (ii) qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenol content; (iii) modulation of redox state; and (iv) bioavailability of main bioactive compounds. We demonstrated that apparently identical products showed huge heterogeneity, in terms of yield extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects. All samples contained high amounts of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives, but differentially concentrated in the six extracts. Depending on polyphenol content, chamomile samples possessed variable antioxidant potential, in terms of decreased radical generation and increased reduced glutathione levels. The observed effects might be ascribed to flavones (apigenin, luteolin, and their glycones) highly represented in the six extracts. Nonetheless, chamomile extracts exerted cytotoxic effects at high concentrations, suggesting that a herbal medicine is not always safe. In conclusion, due to the complexity and variability of plant matrices, studies evaluating effectiveness of chamomile should always be accompanied by preliminary characterization of phytochemical composition.
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5.
Crosstalk among intestinal barrier, gut microbiota and serum metabolome after a polyphenol-rich diet in older subjects with "leaky gut": The MaPLE trial.
Peron, G, Gargari, G, Meroño, T, Miñarro, A, Lozano, EV, Escuder, PC, González-Domínguez, R, Hidalgo-Liberona, N, Del Bo', C, Bernardi, S, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(10):5288-5297
Abstract
BACKGROUND &AIM: The MaPLE study was a randomized, controlled, crossover trial involving adults ≥60 y.o. (n = 51) living in a residential care facility during an 8-week polyphenol-rich (PR)-diet. Results from the MaPLE trial showed that the PR-diet reduced the intestinal permeability (IP) in older adults by inducing changes to gut microbiota (GM). The present work aimed at studying the changes in serum metabolome in the MaPLE trial, as a further necessary step to depict the complex crosstalk between dietary polyphenols, GM, and intestinal barrier. METHODS Serum metabolome was monitored using a semi-targeted UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Metataxonomic analysis (16S rRNA gene profiling) of GM was performed on faecal samples. Clinical characteristics and serum levels of the IP marker zonulin were linked to GM and metabolomics data in a multi-omics network. RESULTS Compared to the control diet, the PR-diet increased serum metabolites related to polyphenols and methylxanthine intake. Theobromine and methylxanthines, derived from cocoa and/or green tea, were positively correlated with butyrate-producing bacteria (the order Clostridiales and the genera Roseburia, Butyricicoccus and Faecalibacterium) and inversely with zonulin. A direct correlation between polyphenol metabolites hydroxyphenylpropionic acid-sulfate, 2-methylpyrogallol-sulfate and catechol-sulfate with Butyricicoccus was also observed, while hydroxyphenylpropionic acid-sulfate and 2-methylpyrogallol-sulfate negatively correlated with Methanobrevibacter. The multi-omics network indicated that participant's age, baseline zonulin levels, and changes in Porphyromonadaceae abundance were the main factors driving the effects of a PR-diet on zonulin. CONCLUSION Overall, these results reveal the complex relationships among polyphenols consumption, intestinal permeability, and GM composition in older adults, and they may be important when setting personalized dietary interventions for older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN10214981.
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6.
A review on mechanism of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation by plant derived polyphenolic compounds.
Anwar, S, Khan, S, Almatroudi, A, Khan, AA, Alsahli, MA, Almatroodi, SA, Rahmani, AH
Molecular biology reports. 2021;(1):787-805
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are naturally occurring biomolecules formed by interaction of reducing sugars with biomolecules such as protein and lipids etc., Long term high blood sugar level and glycation accelerate the formation of AGEs. Unchecked continuous formation and accumulation of AGEs are potential risks for pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. Current mode of antidiabetic therapy is based on synthetic drugs that are often linked with severe adverse effects. Polyphenolic compounds derived from plants are supposed to inhibit glycation and formation of AGEs at multiple levels. Some polyphenolic compounds regulate the blood glucose metabolism by amplification of cell insulin resistance and activation of insulin like growth factor binding protein signaling pathway. Their antioxidant nature and metal chelating activity, ability to trap intermediate dicarbonyl compounds could be possible mechanisms against glycation and AGEs formation and hence, against AGEs induced health complications. Although, few species of polyphenolic compounds are being used in in vitro trials and their in vivo study is still in progress, increasing the area of research in this field may produce a fruitful approach in management of overall diabetic complications.
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7.
Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Foods, Juices, and Concentrates on Recovery from Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Rickards, L, Lynn, A, Harrop, D, Barker, ME, Russell, M, Ranchordas, MK
Nutrients. 2021;(9)
Abstract
Objectives. To determine the effects of consuming polyphenol-rich foods, juices and concentrates on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Method. Eligibility criteria. Randomised and quasi-randomised placebo-controlled trials with a parallel or cross-over design evaluating the effects of consuming polyphenol-rich foods, juices and concentrates on recovery from EIMD in humans. Eligible studies included at least one of the primary outcome measures: maximal isometric voluntary contraction; MIVC, delayed onset muscle soreness; DOMS, or countermovement jump; CMJ. Information sources. AMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, PUBMED, SCOPUS (Elsevier), SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and the UK Clinical Trials Gateway were searched from inception to September 2020. Risk of bias and quality of evidence. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Synthesis of results. Random effects models were used to determine the effect of polyphenol supplementation on recovery from EIMD. Data are presented as standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. Included studies. Twenty-five studies were included; 15 had a parallel, and 10 had a cross-over design. A total of 527 participants (male: n = 425; female: n = 102) were included in the meta-analysis. Synthesis of results. Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods, juices and concentrates accelerated recovery of MIVC immediately post-exercise (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI 0.04, 0.42; p = 0.02; low-quality evidence), 24 h (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI 0.15, 0.62; p = 0.001; low-quality evidence), 48 h (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI 0.28, 0.67; p < 0.001; moderate-quality evidence), 72 h (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI 0.11, 0.46; p = 0.001; low-quality evidence) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.16, 0.83; p = 0.004; very low-quality evidence). DOMS was reduced at 24 h (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.47, -0.11; p = 0.002; low-quality evidence), 48 h (SMD = -0.28, 95% CI -0.46, -0.09; p = 0.003; low-quality evidence) and 72 h post-exercise (SMD = -0.46, 95% CI -0.69, -0.24; p < 0.001; very low-quality evidence). CMJ height was greater immediately post-exercise (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI 0.01, 0.53; p = 0.04; low-quality evidence), at 24 h (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI 0.11, 0.83; p = 0.01; very low-quality evidence), 48 h (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.24, 0.91; p < 0.001; very low-quality evidence) and 72 h post-exercise (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.03, 1.10; p = 0.04; very low-quality evidence). Polyphenol supplementation did not alter creatine kinase, c-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 at any time points. At 72 h post-exercise, protein carbonyls (SMD = -0.64, 95% CI -1.14, -0.14; p = 0.01) were reduced. Discussion. Limitations of evidence. Risk of bias was high for 10 studies and moderate for 15. Sensitivity analyses excluding the high risk of bias studies reduced the SMDs for MIVC and DOMS, and for CMJ effects at 24 and 48 h were no longer statistically significant. Interpretation. Consuming polyphenol-rich foods, juices and concentrates accelerated recovery of muscle function while reducing muscle soreness in humans. Maximal benefit occurred 48-72 h post-exercise, however, the certainty of the evidence was moderate to very low. Supplementation could be useful when there is limited time between competitive events and impaired recovery could negatively impact performance.
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8.
Role of Phytonutrients in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Perspective in Curing Breast Cancer.
Bhattacharya, T, Dutta, S, Akter, R, Rahman, MH, Karthika, C, Nagaswarupa, HP, Murthy, HCA, Fratila, O, Brata, R, Bungau, S
Biomolecules. 2021;(8)
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common type of cancer and an important contributor to female mortality. Several genes and epigenetic modifications are involved in the development and progression of BC. Research in phytochemistry, nutrigenomics, and nutrigenetics has provided strong evidence that certain phytonutrients are able to modulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Such phytonutrients may also be beneficial to prevent and treat BC. In this review, we will focus on the nutrigenomic effects of various phytochemicals including polyphenols, phytosterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds from different sources. Overall, these phytonutrients are found to inhibit BC cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and induce apoptotic cell death by targeting various molecular pathways. They also alter epigenetic mechanisms and enhance the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Such phytochemicals may be used for the effective management of BC patients in the clinical setting in the future. The present article aims to summarize the specific molecular pathways involved in the genetic effects of phytochemicals in BC.
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9.
Overview of Beneficial Effects of (Poly)phenol Metabolites in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases on Model Organisms.
Carregosa, D, Mota, S, Ferreira, S, Alves-Dias, B, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic, N, Crespo, CL, Menezes, R, Teodoro, R, Santos, CND
Nutrients. 2021;(9)
Abstract
The rise of neurodegenerative diseases in an aging population is an increasing problem of health, social and economic consequences. Epidemiological and intervention studies have demonstrated that diets rich in (poly)phenols can have potent health benefits on cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, the role of gut microbiota is ever more evident in modulating the catabolism of (poly)phenols to dozens of low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites that have been identified in plasma and urine. These metabolites can reach circulation in higher concentrations than parent (poly)phenols and persist for longer periods of time. However, studies addressing their potential brain effects are still lacking. In this review, we will discuss different model organisms that have been used to study how low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites affect neuronal related mechanisms gathering critical insight on their potential to tackle the major hallmarks of neurodegeneration.
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10.
Broad Spectrum Polyphenol Supplementation from Tart Cherry Extract on Markers of Recovery from Intense Resistance Exercise.
Hooper, DR, Orange, T, Gruber, MT, Darakjian, AA, Conway, KL, Hausenblas, HA
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;(1):47
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tart cherry supplementation has been shown to enhance recovery from strenuous exercise due to its antioxidant properties. The majority of these studies used tart cherry juice, with a significant calorie content. The primary purpose of this study was to assess whether powdered tart cherry extract with minimal calorie content reduces oxidative stress and enhances recovery following intense resistance exercise. METHODS Thirteen men (mean age: 26.2 ± 5.3 years; height: 184.3 ± 8.2 cm; weight: 92.9 ± 15.6 kg) performed a demanding resistance exercise protocol consisting of 6 sets of 10 repetitions of barbell back squat with 80% 1RM. The protocol was performed once following 7 days of 500 mg of tart cherry extract and once following placebo. Serum protein carbonyl (PC) content, creatine kinase activity (CK) and creatine kinase myocardial band content (CK-MB) were used to assess oxidative stress, skeletal and cardiac muscle damage respectively. Muscle soreness was assessed by visual analog scale. Physical performance was measured by countermovement jump power and handgrip dynamometer strength. RESULTS There was a significant increase in PC in the placebo (PL) condition when compared to the Tart Cherry (TC) condition at Immediate Post (IP) (PL: 0.4 ± 0.3 vs. TC: - 0.4 ± 0.2 nmol∙mg- 1; p < 0.001), 1 h (PL: 0.3 ± 0.3 vs. TC: - 0.7 ± 0.3 nmol∙mg- 1; p < 0.001) and 24 h (PL: 0.1 ± 0.4 vs. TC: - 0.3 ± 0.5 nmol∙mg- 1; p = 0.010). There was a significant increase in CK activity in PL when compared to the TC at IP (PL: 491.1 ± 280 vs. TC: 296.3 ± 178 U∙L- 1; p = 0.008) and 3 h (PL: - 87 ± 123 vs. TC: 43.1 ± 105.3 U∙L- 1; p = 0.006). There was a significant (p = 0.003) increase in CKMB concentration in PL when compared to the TC (PL: 21.6 ± 12.4 vs. TC: - 0.3 ± 11.8 ng∙ml- 1; p = 0.006) at 1 h post. There was a significant increase in handgrip strength in TC when compared to PL (PL: - 2 ± 5.1 vs. TC: 1.7 ± 3 kg; p = 0.017) at 24 h post. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that tart cherry extract reduced oxidative stress and markers of muscle and cardiac damage following intense resistance exercise. This occurred along with a prevention of the decrease in handgrip strength seen following the intense exercise protocol, indicating a potential reduction in central fatigue. These benefits were seen with minimal energy intake.