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1.
Direct Modulation of the Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease.
Wang, Y, Dykes, GA
CNS & neurological disorders drug targets. 2022;(1):14-25
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive decline in memory and cognitive functions. It is a multifactorial disease involving a wide range of pathological factors that are not fully understood. As supported by a growing amount of evidence in recent years, gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. This suggests that direct modulation of the gut microbiota can be a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes recent research findings on the modulation of the gut microbiota by probiotic therapies and faecal microbiota transplantation for controlling the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease. Current limitations and future research directions of this field are also discussed.
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2.
Opioids and Sepsis: Elucidating the Role of the Microbiome and microRNA-146.
Abu, Y, Vitari, N, Yan, Y, Roy, S
International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;(3)
Abstract
Sepsis has recently been defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to an ongoing or suspected infection. To date, sepsis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst hospitalized patients. Many risk factors contribute to development of sepsis, including pain-relieving drugs like opioids, which are frequently prescribed post-operatively. In light of the opioid crisis, understanding the interactions between opioid use and the development of sepsis has become extremely relevant, as opioid use is associated with increased risk of infection. Given that the intestinal tract is a major site of origin of sepsis-causing microbes, there has been an increasing focus on how alterations in the gut microbiome may predispose towards sepsis and mediate immune dysregulation. MicroRNAs, in particular, have emerged as key modulators of the inflammatory response during sepsis by tempering the immune response, thereby mediating the interaction between host and microbiome. In this review, we elucidate contributing roles of microRNA 146 in modulating sepsis pathogenesis and end with a discussion of therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiome in controlling immune dysregulation in sepsis.
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3.
The potential of probiotics in the amelioration of hyperuricemia.
Zhao, H, Lu, Z, Lu, Y
Food & function. 2022;(5):2394-2414
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a common disease caused by metabolic disorders or the excessive intake of high-purine foods. Persistent hyperuricemia in extreme cases induces gout, and asymptomatic hyperuricemia is probably linked to other metabolic diseases, such as hypertension. The typical damage caused by asymptomatic hyperuricemia includes inflammation, oxidative stress and gut dysbiosis. Probiotics have broad potential applications as food additives, not as drug therapies, in the amelioration of hyperuricemia. In this review, we describe novel methods for potential hyperuricemia amelioration with probiotics. The pathways through which probiotics may ameliorate hyperuricemia are discussed, including the decrease in uric acid production through purine assimilation and XOD (xanthine oxidase) inhibition as well as enhanced excretion of uric acid production by promoting ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2) activity, respectively. Three possible probiotic-related therapeutic pathways for alleviating the syndrome of hyperuricemia are also summarized. The first mechanism is to alleviate the oxidation and inflammation induced by hyperuricemia through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, the second is to restore damaged intestinal epithelium barriers and prevent gut microbiota dysbiosis, and the third is to enhance the innate immune system by increasing the secretion of immunoglobulin A (sIgA) to resist the stimulus by hyperuricemia. We propose that future research should focus on superior strain resource isolation and insight into the cause-effect mechanisms of probiotics for hyperuricemia amelioration. The safety and effects of the application of probiotics in clinical use also need verification.
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4.
Shaping the gut microbiota by bioactive phytochemicals: An emerging approach for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
Sudheer, S, Gangwar, P, Usmani, Z, Sharma, M, Sharma, VK, Sana, SS, Almeida, F, Dubey, NK, Singh, DP, Dilbaghi, N, et al
Biochimie. 2022;:38-63
Abstract
The human digestive tract is the cottage to trillions of live microorganisms, which regulate health and illness. A healthy Gut Microbiota (GM) is necessary for preventing microbial growth, body growth, obesity, cancer, diabetes, and enhancing immunity. The equilibrium in GM's composition and the presence/absence of critical species enable specific responses to be essential for the host's better health condition. Research evidences revealed that the dietary plants and their bioactive phytochemicals (BPs) play an extensive and critical role in shaping the GM to get beneficial health effects. BPs are also known to improve gastrointestinal health and reduce the risk of several diseases by modulating GM-mediated cellular and molecular processes. Regular intake of BPs-rich vegetables, fruits, and herbal preparations promotes probiotic bacteria, including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus species, while inhibiting unwanted gut residents' development Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium etc. Upon consumption, BPs contact the GM that gets transformed before being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Biotransformation of BPs by GM is linked with the enhancement of bioactivity/toxicity diminishment of the BPs compared to parental phytochemicals. Therefore, the current review focuses on the role of BPs in shaping GM for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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5.
Outlook on next-generation probiotics from the human gut.
De Filippis, F, Esposito, A, Ercolini, D
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 2022;(2):76
Abstract
Probiotics currently available on the market generally belong to a narrow range of microbial species. However, recent studies about the importance of the gut microbial commensals on human health highlighted that the gut microbiome is an unexplored reservoir of potentially beneficial microbes. For this reason, academic and industrial research is focused on identifying and testing novel microbial strains of gut origin for the development of next-generation probiotics. Although several of these are promising for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases, studies on human subjects are still scarce and approval from regulatory agencies is, therefore, rare. In addition, some issues need to be overcome before implementing their wide application on the market, such as the best methods for cultivation and storage of these oxygen-sensitive taxa. This review summarizes the most recent evidence related to NGPs and provides an outlook to the main issues that still limit their wide employment.
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6.
Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review.
Li, HY, Zhou, DD, Gan, RY, Huang, SY, Zhao, CN, Shang, A, Xu, XY, Li, HB
Nutrients. 2021;(9)
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are serious threats to public health and related to gut microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP) are powerful regulators of gut microbiota, thus possessing prospects for preventing metabolic diseases. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of PPSP on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota are worth discussing and clarifying. Generally, PPSP benefit metabolic diseases management, especially obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying gut microbial-related mechanisms are mainly the modulation of gut microbiota composition, regulation of gut microbial metabolites, and improvement of intestinal barrier function. Moreover, clinical trials showed the benefits of PPSP on patients with metabolic diseases, while the clinical strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus, optimal formula of synbiotics and health benefits of postbiotics need further study. This review fully summarizes the relationship between probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and metabolic diseases, presents promising results and the one in dispute, and especially attention is paid to illustrates potential mechanisms and clinical effects, which could contribute to the next research and development of PPSP.
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7.
Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Ghorbani, M, Rajandas, H, Parimannan, S, Stephen Joseph, GB, Tew, MM, Ramly, SS, Muhamad Rasat, MA, Lee, SY
Psychiatric genetics. 2021;(2):39-49
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with marked symptoms of hallucination, delusion, and impaired cognitive behaviors. Although multidimensional factors have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, the principal cause of the disorder remains debatable. Microbiome involvement in the etiology of schizophrenia has been widely researched due to the advancement in sequencing technologies. This review describes the contribution of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia that is facilitated by the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota is connected to the gut-brain axis via several pathways and mechanisms, that are discussed in this review. The role of the oral microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in shaping the gut microbiota are also highlighted. Lastly, future perspectives for microbiome research in schizophrenia are addressed.
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8.
Efficacy of a Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation in Pediatric Populations: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies.
Tremblay, A, Xu, X, Colee, J, Tompkins, TA
Nutrients. 2021;(6)
Abstract
A probiotic formulation combining Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell®-52, Bifidobacterium infantis Rosell®-33, and Bifidobacterium bifidum Rosell®-71 with fructooligosaccharides, first commercialized in China, has been sold in over 28 countries since 2002. Clinical studies with this blend of strains were conducted mainly in pediatric populations, and most were published in non-English journals. This comprehensive review summarizes the clinical studies in infants and children to evaluate the efficacy of this probiotic for pediatric indications. Literature searches for pediatric studies on Biostime® or Probiokid® (non-commercial name) in 6 international and Chinese databases identified 28 studies, which were classified by indications. Twelve studies show that the probiotic significantly increases the efficacy of standard diarrhea treatment regardless of etiology, reducing the risk of unresolved diarrhea (RR 0.31 [0.23; 0.42]; p < 0.0001) by 69%. In eight studies, the probiotic enhanced immune defenses, assessed by levels of various immune competence and mucosal immunity markers (six studies), and reduced the incidence of common infections (two studies). The probiotic improved iron deficiency anemia treatment efficacy (three studies), reducing the risk of unresolved anemia by 49% (RR 0.51 [0.28; 0.92]; p = 0.0263) and significantly reducing treatment side effects by 47% (RR 0.53 [0.37; 0.77]; p = 0.0009). Other studies support further investigation into this probiotic for oral candidiasis, eczema, feeding intolerance in premature babies, or hyperbilirubinemia in newborns.
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9.
Review of probiotic use in otolaryngology.
Bourdillon, AT, Edwards, HA
American journal of otolaryngology. 2021;(2):102883
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Probiotics have garnered considerable attention as an intervention for various conditions common to otolaryngology. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature to offer recommendations about the safety and efficacy of probiotic management in otolaryngologic conditions. STUDY DESIGN Narrative review. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were queried using pertinent keywords to retrieve relevant studies with particular focus in the recent 5 years. All abstracts were assessed and studies, reviews and meta-analyses achieving evaluation of probiotic therapies or characterization of microbiome changes were included for further review. Studies were categorized by condition or anatomic region across various subspecialties. Key data parameters were extracted and evaluated across studies and treatment types. RESULTS Strong evidence exists for the use probiotic agents to improve symptoms for allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and certain dental conditions. Despite promising results, further investigation is needed to evaluate and optimize probiotic delivery for mitigating otitis media, oropharyngeal inflammation and upper respiratory tract infections. Preclinical studies suggest that probiotics may potentially offer benefit for voice prosthesis maintenance, wound healing and mitigation of oral dysplasia. CONCLUSION Probiotic therapies may offer clinical benefit in a variety of contexts within the field of otolaryngology, especially for short-term relief of certain inflammatory conditions of the oral cavity, auditory and nasal cavities. Further investigation is warranted for evaluation of long-term outcomes and pathogenic deterrence.
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10.
Targeting Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Bungau, SG, Behl, T, Singh, A, Sehgal, A, Singh, S, Chigurupati, S, Vijayabalan, S, Das, S, Palanimuthu, VR
Nutrients. 2021;(10)
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by swollen joints, discomfort, tightness, bone degeneration and frailty. Genetic, agamogenetic and sex-specific variables, Prevotella, diet, oral health and gut microbiota imbalance are all likely causes of the onset or development of RA, perhaps the specific pathways remain unknown. Lactobacillus spp. probiotics are often utilized as relief or dietary supplements to treat bowel diseases, build a strong immune system and sustain the immune system. At present, the action mechanism of Lactobacillus spp. towards RA remains unknown. Therefore, researchers conclude the latest analysis to effectively comprehend the ultimate pathogenicity of rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the functions of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus acidophilus, in the treatment of RA in therapeutic and diagnostic reports. RA is a chronic inflammation immunological illness wherein the gut microbiota is affected. Probiotics are organisms that can regulate gut microbiota, which may assist to relieve RA manifestations. Over the last two decades, there has been a surge in the use of probiotics. However, just a few research have considered the effect of probiotic administration on the treatment and prevention of arthritis. Randomized regulated experimental trials have shown that particular probiotics supplement has anti-inflammatory benefits, helps people with RA enhance daily activities and alleviates symptoms. As a result, utilizing probiotic microorganisms as therapeutics could be a potential possibility for arthritis treatment. This review highlights the known data on the therapeutic and preventative effects of probiotics in RA, as well as their interactions.