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1.
Ethanol-wet bonding may improve root dentine bonding performance of hydrophobic adhesive.
Pei, D, Huang, X, Huang, C, Wang, Y, Ouyang, X, Zhang, J
Journal of dentistry. 2012;(5):433-41
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to assess ethanol-wet dentine surfaces by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and to evaluate the efficacy of ethanol-wet bonding on root dentine by determining the shear bond strength (SBS) and interfacial nanoleakage expression. METHODS Flat dentine slices from human premolar roots were randomly grouped into five. All specimens were acid-etched, rinsed, and left moist. They were then treated with 100% ethanol for 0s (control group), 20s (Group 1), 60s (Group 2), three 60s periods (Group 3), or stepwise ethanol application (Group 4). After treatment, each group was bonded either with Adper™ Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose (Scotchbond) or experimental hydrophobic adhesive. Nano-scale adhesion forces (Fad) were probed by AFM and analysed using one-way ANOVA. The SBS results were analysed using two-way ANOVA. Tukey's test was employed for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Ethanol-wet protocols significantly decreased the value of Fad (p<0.001). When bonded with Scotchbond, ethanol treatment did not affect the bond strength (p>0.05), but decreased the interfacial nanoleakage. The SBS values of the groups bonded with hydrophobic adhesive varied with different ethanol-wet protocols (p<0.05). Decreased nanoleakage was manifested in all experimental groups, except Group 1. Compared with the classical water-wet bonding with Scotchbond in the control group, Group 4 bonded with hydrophobic adhesive exhibited a significantly higher bond strength (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ethanol-wet bonding using a stepwise ethanol application protocol may have potential benefits in the root dentine bonding of hydrophobic adhesive.
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Effects of ethanol-wet bonding technique on root dentine adhesion.
Duan, SS, Ouyang, XB, Pei, DD, Huo, YH, Pan, QH, Huang, C
The Chinese journal of dental research. 2011;(2):105-11
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ethanol-wet bonding on the adhesion of experimental hydrophobic and commercial hydrophilic adhesives to root dentine. METHODS A total of 43 single-rooted integrated human premolars were selected and sectioned. Of the 86 initially obtained specimens, 66 were randomly and equally divided into water-wet bonding and ethanol-wet bonding groups (n = 33). The specimens of each group were subdivided into three subgroups (n = 11) based on different adhesives: two experimental hydrophobic adhesives (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, BT; and UDMA/TEGDMA, UT) and one commercial hydrophilic adhesive (Adper™ Single Bond 2, SB). The root surfaces were ground, acid-etched and rinsed and resin composite applied. After storing in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C, the shear bond strength (SBS) of each specimen was measured. A sample from each subgroup was randomly selected and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The remaining 20 specimens were used in the contact angle (CA) experiment, and the values of CA were measured. SBS was analysed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey's multiple comparison test and CA with independent sample t test. RESULTS A significant increase in SBS to root dentine was observed in the ethanol-wet bonding group compared with the traditional water-wet bonding group. The experimental hydrophobic adhesives (UT group) with ethanol-wet bonding presented the highest SBS (22.44 ± 3.32 MPa). CA increased significantly after the dentine surfaces were dried, especially for the water-saturated group. CONCLUSION The adhesion to root dentine surfaces with ethanol-wet bonding may be superior to water-wet bonding.
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Bonding ability of three ethanol-based adhesives after thermal fatigue.
Perdigão, J, Gomes, G, Sezinando, A
American journal of dentistry. 2011;(3):159-64
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of thermal fatigue on the microTBS and interfacial morphology of three ethanol-based etch-&-rinse 2-bottle adhesives. METHODS microTBS - 24 third molars were randomly assigned to one of three adhesive systems: (1) Adper Single Bond Plus (SBP, 3M ESPE); (2) Ambar (AMB, FGM); (3) Excite (EXC, Ivoclar Vivadent), and restored with a hybrid resin composite. For each adhesive, half of the specimens were thermocycled (TC) for 20,000 cycles (5-55 degrees C) while the other half was kept in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 degreesC (control). Specimens were sectioned in X and Y directions and the resulting sticks were tested to failure in tension mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Statistical analysis was computed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc for the microTBS; and non-parametric cross-tabulation with Chi-Square for the pre-testing failures at P< 0.05. Interfacial morphology -The occlusal enamel was removed from 12 extracted molars perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. Teeth were equally assigned to one of the three adhesives and restored with a 1 mm-thick layer of a hybrid composite resin. A 2 mm-thick disk was sectioned from each specimen and cross-sectioned in two identical halves. Half of the each specimen was TC for 20,000 cycles (5-55 degrees C) while the other half was kept in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C (control). Specimens were chemically challenged and prepared for FESEM observation to observe the integrity of the hybrid layer before and after thermal fatigue. Micrographs were recorded digitally at standard magnifications and measurements were taken with the microscope embedded image software. RESULTS microTBS - SBP and AMB resulted in statistically similar mean microTBS regardless of thermal fatigue. EXC resulted in statistically lower mean microTBS than SBP and AMB for the control (P< 0.001) and for the TC specimens (P< 0.0001). Interfacial morphology - The hybrid layers of SBP and AMB were densely infiltrated without interfacial failure. For EXC, extensive areas of debonding were observed between the adhesive layer and the hybrid layer both for the control and the TC groups. Thermal fatigue did not influence the bonding ability of AMB and SBP, but was detrimental for EXC.
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Marginal adaptation of an etch-and-rinse adhesive with a new type of solvent in class II cavities after artificial aging.
Manhart, J, Trumm, C
Clinical oral investigations. 2010;(6):699-705
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the marginal adaptation of etch-and-rinse adhesives. Standardized class II cavities were cut in 40 human molars with one proximal box limited within enamel and one proximal box extending into dentin. Teeth were assigned randomly to five groups (n = 8) and restored with incrementally placed composite restorations. Five combinations were tested: G1, XP Bond + Ceram-X Mono; G2, P&B NT + Ceram-X Mono; G3, Optibond Solo Plus + Ceram-X Mono; R1, Syntac Classic + Tetric EvoCeram; R2, Scotchbond 1 XT + Z250. After finishing and polishing, teeth were stored for 48 h in water at 37°C before subjected to artificial aging by thermal stress (5/55°C; ×2,000; 30 s) and mechanical loading (50 N; ×50,000). Marginal adaptation of the restorations was evaluated in a SEM (×200) using a replica technique. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric test methods (p < 0.05). The percentages of "perfect margin" after aging ranged from 95.9% to 99.6% in enamel and 85.9% to 96.0% in dentin. "Marginal opening" was observed between 0.1% to 2.6% in enamel and 2.6% to 11.8% in dentin. In enamel and dentin, both, G3 showed significantly more gap formation than G1 and G2. Comparing marginal adaptation to enamel and dentin within each group yielded only for G1 no significant differences. Tert-butanol-based XP Bond showed excellent marginal adaptation in both enamel and dentin.
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Six-month evaluation of adhesives interface created by a hydrophobic adhesive to acid-etched ethanol-wet bonded dentine with simplified dehydration protocols.
Sadek, FT, Mazzoni, A, Breschi, L, Tay, FR, Braga, RR
Journal of dentistry. 2010;(4):276-83
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of simplified dehydration protocols, in the absence of tubular occlusion, on bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage of a hydrophobic experimental adhesive blend to acid-etched, ethanol-dehydrated dentine immediately and after 6 months. METHODS Molars were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups (n=5). Under pulpal pressure simulation, dentine crowns were acid-etched with 35% H(3)PO(4) and rinsed with water. Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose was used for the control group. The remaining groups had their dentine surface dehydrated with ethanol solutions: group 1=50%, 70%, 80%, 95% and 3x100%, 30s for each application; group 2 the same ethanol sequence with 15s for each solution; groups 3, 4 and 5 used 100% ethanol only, applied in seven, three or one 30s step, respectively. After dehydration, a primer (50% BisGMA+TEGDMA, 50% ethanol) was used, followed by the neat comonomer adhesive application. Resin composite build-ups were then prepared using an incremental technique. Specimens were stored for 24h, sectioned into beams and stressed to failure after 24h or after 6 months of artificial ageing. Interfacial silver leakage evaluation was performed for both storage periods (n=5 per subgroup). RESULTS Group 1 showed higher bond strengths at 24h or after 6 months of ageing (45.6+/-5.9(a)/43.1+/-3.2(a)MPa) and lower silver impregnation. Bond strength results were statistically similar to control group (41.2+/-3.3(ab)/38.3+/-4.0(ab)MPa), group 2 (40.0+/-3.1(ab)/38.6+/-3.2(ab)MPa), and group 3 at 24h (35.5+/-4.3(ab)MPa). Groups 4 (34.6+/-5.7(bc)/25.9+/-4.1(c)MPa) and 5 (24.7+/-4.9(c)/18.2+/-4.2(c)MPa) resulted in lower bond strengths, extensive interfacial nanoleakage and more prominent reductions (up to 25%) in bond strengths after 6 months of ageing. CONCLUSIONS Simplified dehydration protocols using one or three 100% ethanol applications should be avoided for the ethanol-wet bonding technique in the absence of tubular occlusion, as they showed decreased bond strength, more severe nanoleakage and reduced bond stability over time.
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Evaluation of additive effects of hydrolyzed jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) esters and glycerol: a preliminary study.
Meyer, J, Marshall, B, Gacula, M, Rheins, L
Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2008;(4):268-74
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycerol has long served the topical prescriptive and personal care industry as a versatile and functional active and inactive ingredient. In skin care products, it acts primarily as an emollient, softening the skin through robust humectant hydration action. Hydrolyzed Jojoba Esters K-20W (K-20W) have been shown to increase skin hydration and improve sensory skin "feel" when included in a variety of skin, hair, and nail care cosmetic/personal care formulations. The addition of glycerol and hydrolyzed jojoba esters provides a substantial long-acting 24 h (moisturizing) skin hydration effect for topical products. AIM: A small pilot study was conducted to support the "proof of concept" that an enhanced, additive role exists between these two ingredients resulting in a long-term (24 h) skin moisturization effect. METHOD Topical treatments were applied to the skin (lower leg) of subjects, and evaluations were made at baseline and 8- to 24-h post-application. Skin hydration data were obtained via bio-instrumental transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements and expert clinical skin grading, including standardized digital clinical photography. RESULTS Clinical skin grading evaluations and TEWL measurements found that significantly lower evaporative (P < 0.05) TEWL values occurred in the topical formulations containing 3.75% glycerol and 1.25% K-20W (hydrolyzed jojoba esters) than with glycerol alone in a standard base skin care lotion at 8 and 24 h posttreatment. CONCLUSION This preliminary data "proof of concept" supports the position that glycerol and hydrolyzed jojoba esters work in tandem to enhance skin moisturization for at least 24 h. This unique moisturizing potential may prove valuable in the future development of cosmetic and over-the-counter/prescriptive topical products, including new medicaments containing botanicals. This fact is further reinforced with the recent greater commercial use and demand for defined safe botanicals in cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical topical formulations. Additional mechanistic studies are underway.
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Randomized crossover pharmacokinetic study of solvent-based paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel.
Gardner, ER, Dahut, WL, Scripture, CD, Jones, J, Aragon-Ching, JB, Desai, N, Hawkins, MJ, Sparreboom, A, Figg, WD
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008;(13):4200-5
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Abstract
PURPOSE Abraxane (ABI-007) is a 130-nm albumin-bound (nab) particle formulation of paclitaxel, devoid of any additional excipients. We hypothesized that this change in formulation alters the systemic disposition of paclitaxel compared with conventional solvent-based formulations (sb-paclitaxel; Taxol), and leads to improved tolerability of the drug. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with malignant solid tumors were randomized to receive the recommended single-agent dose of nab-paclitaxel (260 mg/m(2) as a 30-minute infusion) or sb-paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2) as a 3-hour infusion). After cycle 1, patients crossed over to the alternate treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out for the first cycle of sb-paclitaxel and the first two cycles of nab-paclitaxel. RESULTS Seventeen patients were treated, with 14 receiving at least one cycle each of nab-paclitaxel and sb-paclitaxel. No change in nab-paclitaxel pharmacokinetics was found between the first and second cycles (P = 0.95), suggesting limited intrasubject variability. Total drug exposure was comparable between the two formulations (P = 0.55) despite the dose difference. However, exposure to unbound paclitaxel was significantly higher after nab-paclitaxel administration, due to the increased free fraction (0.063 +/- 0.021 versus 0.024 +/- 0.009; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows that paclitaxel disposition is subject to considerable variability depending on the formulation used. Because systemic exposure to unbound paclitaxel is likely a driving force behind tumoral uptake, these findings explain, at least in part, previous observations that the administration of nab-paclitaxel is associated with augmented antitumor efficacy compared with solvent-based paclitaxel.
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The shear bond strength of acetone and ethanol-based bonding agents to bleached teeth.
Montalvan, E, Vaidyanathan, TK, Shey, Z, Janal, MN, Caceda, JH
Pediatric dentistry. 2006;(6):531-6
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the: (1) shear bond strength (SBS) of acetone and ethanol-based bonding agents to composite resin 24 hours after being bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide; and (2) interface morphology and mode of fracture (IMMF) between composite resin and enamel. METHODS Forty extracted teeth were randomly assigned into 4 groups: (1) group 1: 35% H2O2 + acetone; (2) group 2: H2O2 + ethanol; (3) group 3: acetone; (4) group 4: ethanol. All teeth were acid etched, bonding agents were applied, and a composite resin stub was bonded and stored again in saline for 24 hours. SBS was determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for IMMF evaluation. RESULTS SBS was significantly lower in bleached than unbleached teeth (P < .001), but SBS did not differ between the acetone-based or ethanol-based adhesives (P = .55) and bleaching did not interact with adhesive treatment (P = .39). IMMF analysis of the unbleached teeth showed a continuous interface between the resin and enamel. By contrast, bleached teeth showed sparse contact between the resin and enamel and the resin was poorly infiltrated into the enamel surface. CONCLUSION Morphologic changes in human tooth enamel, 24 hours after bleaching, were associated with a reduction in the shear bond strength of adhesives.
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Effect of solvent type on microtensile bond strength of a total-etch one-bottle adhesive system to moist or dry dentin.
Cardoso, Pde C, Lopes, GC, Vieira, LC, Baratieri, LN
Operative dentistry. 2005;(3):376-81
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of organic solvent (acetone or ethanol) on the microtensile bond strengths (MTBS) of an adhesive system applied to dry and moist dentin. Sixteen extracted human third molars were ground to expose a flat occlusal dentin surface and acid etched for 20 seconds (20% phosphoric acid gel, Gluma Etch 20 Gel, Heraeus/Kulzer). After rinsing the acid etchant, an ethanol-based one-bottle adhesive system was applied to the mesial half of the occlusal dentin surface. An acetone-based, one-bottle adhesive system was applied to the distal half of the ground dentin surface. The teeth were randomly assigned to groups. In Group 1, the etched dentin was thoroughly air dried and an ethanol-based one-bottle adhesive system was applied (Gluma Comfort Bond, Heraeus/Kulzer) (GCB). In Group 2, the etched dentin was thoroughly air dried and an acetone-based one-bottle adhesive system was applied (Gluma One Bond, Heraeus/Kulzer)(GOB). In Group 3, excess moisture was removed after acid etching, leaving a moist dentin surface and a one-bottle ethanol-based adhesive was applied (Gluma Comfort Bond). In Group 4, excess moisture was removed after acid etching, leaving a moist dentin surface and an acetone-based adhesive was applied (Gluma One Bond). A hybrid resin composite (Venus, Heraeus/Kulzer) was applied to the bonded surface in four 1-mm increments and light cured according to manufacturer's directions. The specimens were then sectioned with a slow-speed diamond saw in two perpendicular directions to obtain sticks with a cross-section of 0.5 +/- 0.05 mm2. The microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test was performed with a Bencor device in an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The data were subjected to a two-way ANOVA and Scheffé Post hoc test (p < 0.05). The experimental MTBS measured for dry dentin were Group 1 = 37.0 +/- 10.6 and Group 2 = 34.7 +/- 9.0 in MPa (mean +/- SD); and on moist dentin, Group 3 = 50.7 +/- 11.0 and Group 4 = 38.5 +/- 10.5 in MPa (mean +/- SD). The ethanol based adhesives resulted in higher MTBS than acetone-based adhesive (p < 0.008) and bonding to moist dentin resulted in higher MTBS (p < 0.001). GCB applied on moist dentin resulted in statistically higher bond strengths than the other groups. The highest MTBS were achieved with the use of an ethanol-based adhesive to moist dentin.
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10.
Effect of solvents on bonding to root canal dentin.
Erdemir, A, Eldeniz, AU, Belli, S, Pashley, DH
Journal of endodontics. 2004;(8):589-92
Abstract
The long-term success of resin cementation of post/cores is likely increased with improvement in resin-root canal dentin bonding. The adverse effect of some irrigation constituents (NaOCl, H2O2) or medications (eugenol) on the bond strengths of resins to dentin have been reported. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two gutta-percha solvents (chloroform versus halothane) on microtensile bond strength to root canal dentin. Thirty, extracted, human, single-rooted teeth were instrumented to a #70 file and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The root canals were treated with water, chloroform, or halothane for 60 s. All root canals were obturated using C&B Metabond. After 24 h of storage in distilled water, serial 1-mm-thick cross-sections were cut and trimmed. Microtensile bond strength to apical, middle, and coronal root canal dentin were measured using an Instron machine. Using pooled data, the results indicated that water-treated roots had significantly higher resin-dentin bond strengths compared with chloroform or halothane treatment groups (control: 23.9 MPa; chloroform: 18.3 MPa; halothane: 17 MPa; p < 0.05). Gutta-percha solvents have an adverse effect on bond strengths of adhesive cements to root canal dentin.