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Nutritional Supplements and Neuroprotective Diets and Their Potential Clinical Significance in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation.
Zielińska-Nowak, E, Cichon, N, Saluk-Bijak, J, Bijak, M, Miller, E
Nutrients. 2021;(8)
Abstract
Nutrition and rehabilitation are crucial in post-stroke recovery, especially in the elderly. Since stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability, there is a need to promote special, individually tailored nutrition strategies targeting older patients with low motor ability. Chronic stroke survivors have higher risk of developing nutrition-related chronic diseases, such as sarcopenia, anemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Moreover, reduced motor activity, cognitive impairment and depression might be aggravated by poor malnutrition status. Accumulated data suggest that nutritional supplements and neuroprotective diets can be associated with better effectiveness of post-stroke rehabilitation as well as brain recovery. Therefore, this review focuses on preventive strategies that can improve dietary intake and change dietary patterns. We highlight the importance of neuroprotective diets, the problem of dysphagia and the role of nutrition in rehabilitation. This article focuses on potential nutritional supplements and neuroprotective diets that may have an impact on functional recovery during and after rehabilitation. Moreover, a new approach to post-stroke neuroplasticity including the use of agents from marine sources such as fucoxanthin and tramiprosate as compounds that might be used as potential neuroprotectants with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties is introduced.
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Look Before You Leap: Interventions Supervised via Telehealth Involving Activities in Weight-Bearing or Standing Positions for People After Stroke-A Scoping Review.
Ramage, ER, Fini, N, Lynch, EA, Marsden, DL, Patterson, AJ, Said, CM, English, C
Physical therapy. 2021;(6)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a rapid shift to telehealth-delivered physical therapy services. Common impairments after stroke create unique challenges when providing rehabilitation via telehealth, particularly when it involves activities undertaken in weight-bearing or standing positions, including walking training. Our scoping review maps the evidence regarding safety, efficacy, and feasibility of remotely supervised telehealth interventions involving activities undertaken in weight-bearing or standing positions for people after stroke. METHODS Searches of relevant databases for primary research studies were conducted using keywords relating to exercise and telehealth. Studies of stroke survivors undertaking interventions involving activities in weight-bearing or standing positions, supervised in real-time via telehealth were included. Two reviewers independently appraised all studies. Data were charted by one reviewer, checked by another, and results synthesized narratively. RESULTS Seven studies (2 randomized trials, 1 mixed-methods, and 4 pre-post studies) were included, involving 179 participants. Some studies included stroke survivors with cognitive impairment, and 2 (29%) studies included only participants who walked independently. Adherence (reported in 3 studies) and satisfaction (reported in 4 studies) were good, and no serious adverse events (data from 4 studies) related to interventions were reported. Strategies to overcome technological barriers were used to optimize intervention safety and feasibility, along with physiological monitoring, caregiver assistance, and in-person exercise prescription. However, there is limited high-quality evidence of efficacy. CONCLUSIONS We identified strategies used in research to date that can support current practice. However, urgent research is needed to ensure that stroke survivors are receiving evidence-based, effective services. IMPACT The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a rapid shift to telerehabilitation services for people with stroke, but there is little evidence to guide best practice. Our review provides practical guidance and strategies to overcome barriers and optimize safety and adherence for telehealth interventions involving activities in weight-bearing or standing positions.
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[Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adult patients with stroke].
Alessandro, L, Olmos, LE, Bonamico, L, Muzio, DM, Ahumada, MH, Russo, MJ, Allegri, RF, Gianella, MG, Campora, H, Delorme, R, et al
Medicina. 2020;(1):54-68
Abstract
It is estimated that two thirds of people who have suffered a stroke have sequels that condition their quality of life. The rehabilitation of the stroke is a complex process, which requires the multidisciplinary approach of specialized professionals (doctors, kinesiologists, nurses, occupational therapists, phonoaudiologists, neuropsychologists and nutritionists). Currently, the practices carried out are a consequence of the combination of evidence and consensus, most of them through international stroke rehabilitation guides. The objective of this review is to adjust the international recommendations on stroke rehabilitation to what is applied to daily practice, in order to unify the criteria of the recommendations and to reduce the variability of the practices carried out. This work is a review of the literature on stroke rehabilitation guides developed in the last 10 years. Each section was supervised by different professionals specialized in these areas. We analyze the time and organization necessary to develop rehabilitation, recommendations for motor, cognitive and visual rehabilitation, the management of dysphagia and nutrition, the approach of comorbidities (venous thrombosis, skin ulcers, pain, psychiatric disorders and osteoporosis) and the necessary tasks to favor the return to the activities of daily life.
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Rehabilitation robots for the treatment of sensorimotor deficits: a neurophysiological perspective.
Gassert, R, Dietz, V
Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. 2018;(1):46
Abstract
The past decades have seen rapid and vast developments of robots for the rehabilitation of sensorimotor deficits after damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Many of these innovations were technology-driven, limiting their clinical application and impact. Yet, rehabilitation robots should be designed on the basis of neurophysiological insights underlying normal and impaired sensorimotor functions, which requires interdisciplinary collaboration and background knowledge.Recovery of sensorimotor function after CNS damage is based on the exploitation of neuroplasticity, with a focus on the rehabilitation of movements needed for self-independence. This requires a physiological limb muscle activation that can be achieved through functional arm/hand and leg movement exercises and the activation of appropriate peripheral receptors. Such considerations have already led to the development of innovative rehabilitation robots with advanced interaction control schemes and the use of integrated sensors to continuously monitor and adapt the support to the actual state of patients, but many challenges remain. For a positive impact on outcome of function, rehabilitation approaches should be based on neurophysiological and clinical insights, keeping in mind that recovery of function is limited. Consequently, the design of rehabilitation robots requires a combination of specialized engineering and neurophysiological knowledge. When appropriately applied, robot-assisted therapy can provide a number of advantages over conventional approaches, including a standardized training environment, adaptable support and the ability to increase therapy intensity and dose, while reducing the physical burden on therapists. Rehabilitation robots are thus an ideal means to complement conventional therapy in the clinic, and bear great potential for continued therapy and assistance at home using simpler devices.This review summarizes the evolution of the field of rehabilitation robotics, as well as the current state of clinical evidence. It highlights fundamental neurophysiological factors influencing the recovery of sensorimotor function after a stroke or spinal cord injury, and discusses their implications for the development of effective rehabilitation robots. It thus provides insights on essential neurophysiological mechanisms to be considered for a successful development and clinical inclusion of robots in rehabilitation.
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[Modern technologies and prospects of rehabilitation of patients after ischemic stroke].
Ekusheva, EV
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2017;(12):147-155
Abstract
Despite the great achievements in the field of neurorehabilitation, a significant proportion of patients after an ischemic stroke have persistent motor disturbances even after timely and adequately carried out restorative measures. The article discusses the issues of neuroplasticity, modern diagnostic technologies for studying this phenomenon; prognostic factors for recovery deficit following stroke and determining the effectiveness of ongoing treatment. The principles of neuroprotective therapy in ischemic stroke are considered, which is a pathogenetically justified direction at all stages of restorative treatment after cerebral circulation disorders. One of the most studied original cytoprotectors, demonstrating safety, efficacy and good tolerability, is cytoflavin. The results of numerous clinical trials have revealed a significant positive clinical and morphological dynamics when taking cytoflavin in patients after ischemic stroke.
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Integrated oral health care for stroke patients - a scoping review.
Ajwani, S, Jayanti, S, Burkolter, N, Anderson, C, Bhole, S, Itaoui, R, George, A
Journal of clinical nursing. 2017;(7-8):891-901
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify current evidence on the role of nurses and allied health professionals in the oral health management of stroke patients, detailing their current knowledge, attitudes and practices and the potential benefits of an integrated oral care programme. BACKGROUND Stroke has disabling oral health effects, such as dysphagia and hindered brushing due to upper limb hemiparesis. Together, these can increase bacterial load, increasing risk of pneumonia. In general management of stroke, nurses play a key role in early identification, assessment and referral, while occupational therapists, dieticians and speech pathologists are important in rehabilitation. While this should logically apply to the oral care of stroke patients, there is currently limited information, especially in Australia. DESIGN Scoping review. METHOD A literature search was conducted using multiple databases regarding the oral health management of stroke patients by nondental professionals, and 26 articles were reviewed. RESULTS The Australian National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke accentuate the need for oral care following stroke and suggest how hospital staff need to be involved. Currently, there are no Australian studies. However, international literature suggests that lack of oral health knowledge by nurses and poor patient attitude are reflected in infrequent assistance with stroke patient oral hygiene. There is limited information regarding the benefits of nursing-driven oral hygiene programme in reducing pneumonia incidence, and only few studies show that involving nurses in assisted oral care reduces plaque. There are some suggestions that involving nurses and speech pathologists in oral rehabilitation can improve dysphagia outcomes. CONCLUSION Managing oral health poststroke is vital, and there is a need for an appropriate integrated oral care service in Australia. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nondental professionals, especially nurses, can play a key role in the poststroke oral health management of stroke patients to reduce complications, especially pneumonia.
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Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors following stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
D'Isabella, NT, Shkredova, DA, Richardson, JA, Tang, A
Clinical rehabilitation. 2017;(12):1561-1572
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to investigate the effects of exercise-based interventions on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with stroke or transient ischemic attack. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched from inceptions to 28 December 2016. REVIEW METHODS Randomized controlled trials were included that involved exercise with or without other interventions, included participants of any age, with diagnosis of transient ischemic attack or stroke, at any stage of severity or time period following the event, and reported cardiovascular risk factor outcomes. Review Manager (version 5.3) was used to aggregate data from all studies and from those involving only exercise interventions. RESULTS This review included 18 randomized controlled trials (930 participants) in the qualitative synthesis, 14 of which were included in the quantitative analysis (720 participants; ranging from 84 to 438 participants within individual meta-analyses). All interventions were effective in reducing resting systolic blood pressure (mean difference (MD): -5.32 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -9.46 to -1.18, P = 0.01), fasting glucose (MD: -0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.06, P < 0.0001), and fasting insulin (MD: -17.14 pmol/L, 95% CI: -32.90 to -1.38, P = 0.03), and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: 0.10 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.03-0.18, P = 0.008). Effects were maintained following meta-analysis of only exercise interventions. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that exercise-based interventions are effective in reducing systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after stroke or transient ischemic attack, providing evidence for their implementation as a strategy for secondary prevention.
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The Use of Enteral Nutrition in the Management of Stroke.
Ojo, O, Brooke, J
Nutrients. 2016;(12)
Abstract
This article discusses the use of enteral nutrition in the management of stroke. Stroke is a major source of disability, including dysphagia. The clinical manifestation of swallowing difficulties in stroke patients may lead to malnutrition which has implications for health status and clinical outcomes including morbidity, mortality and cost to the health service. The prevalence of malnutrition following an acute stroke could range from 8% to 34%. Therefore, the need to develop and implement the use of enteral nutrition support in stroke patients becomes pertinent. A range of enteral feeding tubes and feeding methods may be used to support stroke patients who are unable to meet their nutritional requirements through oral intake alone, although each of these approaches has its merits and limitations. Based on this review, there is evidence that enteral nutrition support is a useful method of providing nutrition for patients with dysphagia following a stroke in order to enhance their nutritional status and promote their health. However, there are challenges in the use of enteral tube feeding in these patients.