1.
Bisphenol S in Food Causes Hormonal and Obesogenic Effects Comparable to or Worse than Bisphenol A: A Literature Review.
Thoene, M, Dzika, E, Gonkowski, S, Wojtkiewicz, J
Nutrients. 2020;(2)
Abstract
In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers, since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Unfortunately, little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative. The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations. This article used a literature survey to investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and reproductive defects; among others. It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects, such as activating preadipocytes, and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders, such as gestational diabetes, that BPA was not correlated with. BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to hormonally promote certain breast cancers at the same rate as BPA. Therefore, a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA.
2.
Arylsulfone-based HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Famiglini, V, Coluccia, A, Brancale, A, Pelliccia, S, La Regina, G, Silvestri, R
Future medicinal chemistry. 2013;(18):2141-56
Abstract
HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) represent one of the most significant classes of drugs for the treatment of AIDS/HIV infection. Over the past two decades several potent arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs and related analogs have been developed. This review provides an essential overview of the structure-activity relationships of the arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs. Furthermore, structural information useful for the design and development of new sulfur containing NNRTIs with enhanced antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 wild type and clinically relevant drug resistant HIV-1 mutant strains will be discussed.
3.
A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance - part 25.
Lundy, B, Miller, JC, Jackson, K, Senchina, DS, Burke, LM, Stear, SJ, Castell, LM
British journal of sports medicine. 2011;(13):1077-8
4.
Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Brien, S, Prescott, P, Bashir, N, Lewith, H, Lewith, G
Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2008;(11):1277-88
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conventional treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with serious gastrointestinal side effects and in view of the recent withdrawal of some cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, identifying safer alternative treatment options is needed. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the existing evidence from randomised controlled trials of two chemically related nutritional supplements, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of OA to determine their efficacy and safety profile. METHODS The electronic databases [Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl and NeLH (1950 to November 2007)] were searched. The search strategy combined terms: osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disorder, dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, methylsulfonylmethane, MSM, clinical trial; double-blind, single blind, RCT, placebo, randomized, comparative study, evaluation study, control. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Data were extracted and quality was assessed using the JADAD scale. RESULTS Six studies were included [evaluating a total of 681 patients with OA of the knee for DMSO (N=297 on active treatment); 168 patients for MSM (N=52 on active treatment)]. Two of the four DMSO trials, and both MSM trials reported significant improvement in pain outcomes in the treatment group compared to comparator treatments, however, methodological issues and concerns over optimal dosage and treatment period, were highlighted. CONCLUSION No definitive conclusion can currently be drawn for either supplement. The findings from all the DMSO studies need to be viewed with caution because of poor methodology including; possible unblinding, and questionable treatment duration and dose. The data from the more rigorous MSM trials provide positive but not definitive evidence that MSM is superior to placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate OA of the knee. Further studies are now required to identify both the optimum dosage and longer-term safety of MSM and DMSO, and definitive efficacy trials.
5.
A review of the GUARDIAN trial results: clinical implications and the significance of elevated perioperative CK-MB on 6-month survival.
Chaitman, BR
Journal of cardiac surgery. 2003;:13-20
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Guard During Ischemia Against Necrosis (GUARDIAN) trial was designed to determine whether cariporide, a selective sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitor, reduces the combined incidence of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) in patients at risk of myocardial necrosis and to assess the safety and tolerability of this drug. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 11,590 patients who were hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome or were undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Patients were enrolled and randomized to one of three doses of cariporide (20, 80, or 120 mg), or placebo, administered as a 60-minute infusion every 8 hours for two to seven days. At day 36, patients treated with cariporide 120 mg demonstrated a 10% risk reduction in death or MI compared with placebo (p = 0.12). At this dose, patients undergoing CABG experienced a 25% risk reduction in death or MI (p = 0.03), which was sustained through six months (p = 0.033). The improvement resulted primarily from a 32% risk reduction in nonfatal MI (p = 0.007). Cariporide was well tolerated; most adverse events were mild and transient. Data from the GUARDIAN trial indicate that myocardial muscle creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) values of >10 times the upper limit of normal during the initial 48 hours after CABG are associated with significantly increased six-month mortality (p < 0.001); the six-month mortality risk is similar to that observed in acute coronary syndrome patients, even after adjustment for baseline variables known to impact long-term prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Although the results of the GUARDIAN trial failed to demonstrate overall clinical benefit, cariporide 120 mg reduced the rate of death and MI in patients undergoing CABG. Cariporide may provide a cardioprotective benefit in CABG patients at high-risk of myocardial necrosis.