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1.
The Potential Effects of Taurine in Mitigation of Radiation Nephropathy.
Ma, N, Kato, T, Isogai, T, Gu, Y, Yamashita, T
Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2019;:497-505
Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulfur-containing organic acid possessing several important effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ones. Exposure to ionizing radiation generates free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in irradiated cells, and free radical generation leads to oxidative stress. It is known that radiation nephropathy includes an inflammation-based process in which ROS and cytokines are responsible. Different doses of explored radiation can cause apoptosis, inflammation and a profound oxidative stress in kidneys. Oxidative stress is involved in renal injury after exposure to both ionizing radiation and inflammation. In this review, we describe the protective effect of taurine against several kidney diseases and the potential effects of taurine in the mitigation of radiation nephropathy. We also report that X-irradiation decreased the expression of taurine and TauT in the kidney. Taurine administration suppressed the decrease in the expression of taurine and TauT in the kidney after radiation exposure. Taurine might contribute to the mitigation of kidney injury induced by radiation.
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2.
Taurine, energy drinks, and neuroendocrine effects.
Caine, JJ, Geracioti, TD
Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2016;(12):895-904
Abstract
Taurine is an amino acid found abundantly in brain, retina, heart, and reproductive organ cells, as well as in meat and seafood. But it is also a major ingredient in popular "energy drinks," which thus constitute a major source of taurine supplementation. Unfortunately, little is known about taurine's neuroendocrine effects. The authors review the sparse data and provide a basic background on the structure, synthesis, distribution, metabolism, mechanisms, effects, safety, and currently proposed therapeutic targets of taurine.
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3.
[Taurin in combined treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus].
Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2011;(10):31-6
Abstract
In addition to information on the prevalence, etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the role of insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, hyperglycemia and glucose toxicity in development complications of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, the article presents evidence from multicenter clinical trials of taurin/dibicor efficacy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy. It is demonstrated that taurin/ dibicor has a positive effect on insulin resistance and body mass in obesity, on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, on cell membranes, blood pressure, acuity of vision. Taurin/dibicor protects against macro- and microvascular diabetic complications, improves vision, cardiovascular system condition, quality and duration of life.
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4.
Taurine: a potential novel addition to the anti-systemic sclerosis weaponry.
Fallahzadeh, MK, Namazi, MR, Gupta, RC
Archives of medical research. 2010;(1):59-61
Abstract
Vascular damage and immunological events leading to generation of fibrogenic fibroblasts are the main components of systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. Superoxide anions play a role in endothelial damage by oxidizing circulating low-density lipoproteins. IL-1 plays a key role in the pathophysiology of SSc by inducing upregulation of adhesion molecules, inflammatory damage of the endothelium and tissue fibrosis. Elevated levels of proTh2 cytokines such as IL-6 in the early stages of SSc lead to enhanced fibroblast collagen production. Taurine, a semi-essential amino acid, is an antioxidant, inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 and also inhibits production of TGF-beta, a major fibrogenic cytokine. Therefore, we conclude that taurine may be a novel addition to the treatment armamentarium of this disabling disorder.
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5.
[The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance].
van den Eynde, F, van Baelen, PC, Portzky, M, Audenaert, K
Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie. 2008;(5):273-81
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks have become more and more popular since the late nineties. The manufactures claim that these drinks improve physical endurance, reaction speed and concentration. The main ingredients of energy drinks are caffeine, sugar, taurine and glucuronolactone. According to the manufacturers, the stimulating effects of these drinks are due to interaction between the various ingredients. AIM: To investigate whether energy drinks do indeed improve cognitive performance and to find out which ingredients are responsible for this effect and other benefits. METHOD We searched the literature for the period from 1997 to 2006 on the basis of Medline, by using the search term 'energy drink or energy drinks' and restricting the search to 'humans'. results Not only did focused and sustained attention improve significantly but so did reaction speed in all sorts of reaction-time tasks. Memory improved too, but not to the same degree. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance are related mainly to the presence of caffeine. Further investigation is needed into the effects of the lesser known ingredients of energy drinks (taurine, glucuronolactone) if we are to obtain a better understanding of the possible interactions.
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6.
Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants.
Verner, A, Craig, S, McGuire, W
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007;(4):CD006072
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in breast milk. Evidence exists that taurine has important roles in intestinal fat absorption, hepatic function, and auditory and visual development in preterm or low birth weight infants. Observational data suggest that relative taurine deficiency during the neonatal period is associated with adverse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Current standard practice is to supplement formula milk and parenteral nutrition solutions with taurine. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of providing supplemental taurine for enterally or parenterally fed preterm or low birth weight infants on growth and development. SEARCH STRATEGY The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. This included searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2007), MEDLINE (1966 - June 2007), EMBASE (1980 - June 2007), conference proceedings, and previous reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared taurine supplementation versus no supplementation in preterm or low birth weight newborn infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by two review authors, and synthesis of data using relative risk, risk difference and weighted mean difference. MAIN RESULTS Nine small trials were identified. In total, 189 infants participated. Most participants were greater than 30 weeks gestational age at birth and were clinically stable. In eight of the studies, taurine was given enterally with formula milk. Only one small trial assessed parenteral taurine supplementation. Taurine supplementation increased intestinal fat absorption [weighted mean difference 4.0 (95% confidence interval 1.4, 6.6) percent of intake]. However, meta-analyses did not reveal any statistically significant effects on growth parameters assessed during the neonatal period or until three to four months chronological age [rate of weight gain: weighted mean difference -0.25 (95% confidence interval -1.16, 0.66) grams/kilogram/day; change in length: weighted mean difference 0.37 (95% confidence interval -0.23, 0.98) millimetres/week; change in head circumference: weighted mean difference 0.15 (95% confidence interval -0.19, 0.50) millimeters/week]. There are very limited data on the effect on neonatal mortality or morbidities, and no data on long-term growth or neurological outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite that lack of evidence of benefit from randomised controlled trials, it is likely that taurine will continue to be added to formula milks and parenteral nutrition solutions used for feeding preterm and low birth weight infants given the putative association of taurine deficiency with various adverse outcomes. Further randomised controlled trials of taurine supplementation versus no supplementation in preterm or low birth weight infants are unlikely to be viewed as a research priority, but there may be issues related to dose or duration of supplementation in specific subgroups of infants that merit further research.
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7.
The taurine transporter: mechanisms of regulation.
Han, X, Patters, AB, Jones, DP, Zelikovic, I, Chesney, RW
Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). 2006;(1-2):61-73
Abstract
Taurine transport undergoes an adaptive response to changes in taurine availability. Unlike most amino acids, taurine is not metabolized or incorporated into protein but remains free in the intracellular water. Most amino acids are reabsorbed at rates of 98-99%, but reabsorption of taurine may range from 40% to 99.5%. Factors that influence taurine accumulation include ionic environment, electrochemical charge, and post-translational and transcriptional factors. Among these are protein kinase C (PKC) activation and transactivation or repression by proto-oncogenes such as WT1, c-Jun, c-Myb and p53. Renal adaptive regulation of the taurine transporter (TauT) was studied in vivo and in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis and the oocyte expression system were used to study post-translational regulation of the TauT by PKC. Reporter genes and Northern and Western blots were used to study transcriptional regulation of the taurine transporter gene (TauT). We demonstrated that (i) the body pool of taurine is controlled through renal adaptive regulation of TauT in response to taurine availability; (ii) ionic environment, electrochemical charge, pH, and developmental ontogeny influence renal taurine accumulation; (iii) the fourth segment of TauT is involved in the gating of taurine across the cell membrane, which is controlled by PKC phosphorylation of serine 322 at the post-translational level; (iv) expression of TauT is repressed by the p53 tumour suppressor gene and is transactivated by proto-oncogenes such as WT1, c-Jun, and c-Myb; and (v) over-expression of TauT protects renal cells from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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[Mechanism and effect of taurine on pulmonary fibrosis].
Du, HK, Wang, SX
Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases. 2003;(3):221-3
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9.
Why is taurine cytoprotective?
Schaffer, S, Azuma, J, Takahashi, K, Mozaffari, M
Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2003;:307-21
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10.
Taurine and taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period.
Aerts, L, Van Assche, FA
Journal of perinatal medicine. 2002;(4):281-6
Abstract
Taurine, a non-protein sulfur amino-acid, is the most abundant free amino-acid in the body and plays an important role in several essential biological processes. Apart from its role in cholesterol degradation, it acts as neurotransmitter, and has a function as osmoregulator and antioxidant in most body tissues. During pregnancy, taurine accumulates in the maternal tissues, to be released in the perinatal period to the fetus via the placenta and to the newborn via the maternal milk. It is accumulated especially in the fetal and neonatal brain. Low maternal taurine levels result in low fetal taurine levels. Taurine-deficiency in the mother leads to growth retardation of the offspring, and to impaired perinatal development of the central nervous system and of the endocrine pancreas. The adult offspring of taurine-deficient mothers display signs of impaired neurological function, impaired glucose tolerance and vascular dysfunction; they may develop gestational diabetes and transmit the effects to the next generation. This transgeneration effect of taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period fits into the concept of fetal origin of adult disease.