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Serum 25(OH)D levels after oral vitamin D3 supplementation and UVB exposure correlate.
Datta, P, Philipsen, PA, Olsen, P, Andersen, JD, Morling, N, Wulf, HC
Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine. 2019;(5):344-353
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inter-individual variation in 25(OH)D3 increase (Δ25(OH)D3 ) after vitamin D3 supplementation was determined and compared with the UVB irradiation response. METHODS Nineteen Danish participants received 85 μg vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) daily for nine weeks with regular serum 25(OH)D3 measurements. These participants had three years earlier taken part in a 9-week controlled UVB study. The Δ25(OH)D3 was not confounded by ambient UVB, BMI or ethnicity. RESULTS Δ25(OH)D3 was 53 nmol L-1 and almost identical to Δ25(OH)D3 (52 nmol L-1 ) after UVB. Δ25(OH)D3 ranged from 17 to 91 nmol L-1 (span 74 nmol L-1 ) and was about half of that observed after UVB irradiation (span 136 nmol L-1 ). The interquartile ranges for vitamin D3 supplementation (38.8-71.4 nmol L-1 , span: 32.6 nmol L-1 ) and UVB irradiation (35.7-65.4 nmol L-1 , span: 29.7 nmol L-1 ) were similar indicating a comparable response of the two interventions. As the 25(OH)D3 start levels (R2 = 0.398, P = 3.8 × 10-3 ), 25(OH)D3 end levels (R2 = 0.457, P = 1.5 × 10-3 ) and Δ25(OH)D3 (R2 = 0.253, P = 0.028) between both interventions were correlated, this suggested a possible common individual background for the variation. Four pigment SNPs influenced the variation in the vitamin D3 -induced and UVB-induced Δ25(OH)D3 . A combined model including the influence of these four SNPs and the 25(OH)D3 start level explained 86.8% (P = 1.6 × 10-35 ) of the individual variation after vitamin D3 supplementation. CONCLUSION The inter-individual variation in the two interventions was comparable and had no common demographic but a partly common genetic background.
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A Phase II Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral N-acetylcysteine for Protection of Melanocytic Nevi against UV-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vivo.
Cassidy, PB, Liu, T, Florell, SR, Honeggar, M, Leachman, SA, Boucher, KM, Grossman, D
Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2017;(1):36-44
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Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in UV-induced melanoma, which may arise from melanocytic nevi. We investigated whether oral administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could protect nevi from oxidative stress in vivo in the setting of acute UV exposure. The minimal erythemal dose (MED) was determined for 100 patients at increased risk for melanoma. Patients were randomized to receive a single dose (1,200 mg) of NAC or placebo, in double-blind fashion, and then one nevus was irradiated (1-2 MED) using a solar simulator. One day later, the MED was redetermined and the irradiated nevus and a control unirradiated nevus were removed for histologic analysis and examination of biomarkers of NAC metabolism and UV-induced oxidative stress. Increased expression of 8-oxoguanine, thioredoxin reductase-1, and γ-glutamylcysteine synthase modifier subunit were consistently seen in UV-treated compared with unirradiated nevi. However, no significant differences were observed in these UV-induced changes or in the pre- and postintervention MED between those patients receiving NAC versus placebo. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in UV-induced changes between subjects with germline wild-type versus loss-of-function mutations in the melanocortin-1 receptor. Nevi showed similar changes of UV-induced oxidative stress in an open-label post-trial study in 10 patients who received NAC 3 hours before nevus irradiation. Thus, a single oral dose of NAC did not effectively protect nevi from UV-induced oxidative stress under the conditions examined. Cancer Prev Res; 10(1); 36-44. ©2016 AACR.
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Rutin increases critical wavelength of systems containing a single UV filter and with good skin compatibility.
Peres, DA, de Oliveira, CA, da Costa, MS, Tokunaga, VK, Mota, JP, Rosado, C, Consiglieri, VO, Kaneko, TM, Velasco, MV, Baby, AR
Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI). 2016;(3):325-33
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for sunburns, skin cancer, photoaging, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The awareness on preventing these deleterious effects made the use of anti-UVB formulations an important part of population habits; however, despite the availability of several antioxidants capable of ROS scavenging, the pharmaceutical market lacks products associating UV filters with natural compounds of proven efficacy. Here, we investigated the effect of rutin, a flavonoid with antioxidant activity, associated with UVB filters in dermocosmetic preparations. METHODS Formulations were assessed through its antioxidant activity, in vitro photoprotective effectiveness, photostability, and in vivo skin tolerance (hydration, transepidermal water loss, and erythema). RESULTS Samples containing rutin were compatible with the human skin and presented a pronounced antioxidant potential, with scavenging activity values 75% higher than the ones containing only UVB filters. Although rutin could not prevent the sunscreens photodegradation post-irradiation, the bioactive compound significantly increased the formulations critical wavelengths, showing a photoprotective gain, especially in the UVA range. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the absorption in the UVA range, coupled with ROS scavenging potential, proved the positive effect of rutin applied to anti-UVB formulations, making this bioactive compound a promising candidate for photoprotection improvement.
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Protective effects of citrus and rosemary extracts on UV-induced damage in skin cell model and human volunteers.
Pérez-Sánchez, A, Barrajón-Catalán, E, Caturla, N, Castillo, J, Benavente-García, O, Alcaraz, M, Micol, V
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology. 2014;:12-8
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation absorbed by the epidermis is the major cause of various cutaneous disorders, including photoaging and skin cancers. Although topical sunscreens may offer proper skin protection, dietary plant compounds may significantly contribute to lifelong protection of skin health, especially when unconsciously sun UV exposed. A combination of rosemary and citrus bioflavonoids extracts was used to inhibit UV harmful effects on human HaCaT keratinocytes and in human volunteers after oral intake. Survival of HaCaT cells after UVB radiation was higher in treatments using the combination of extracts than in those performed with individual extracts, indicating potential synergic effects. The combination of extracts also decreased UVB-induced intracellular radical oxygen species (ROS) and prevented DNA damage in HaCaT cells by comet assay and decreased chromosomal aberrations in X-irradiated human lymphocytes. The oral daily consumption of 250 mg of the combination by human volunteers revealed a significant minimal erythema dose (MED) increase after eight weeks (34%, p<0.05). Stronger protection was achieved after 12 weeks (56%, p<0.01). The combination of citrus flavonoids and rosemary polyphenols and diterpenes may be considered as an ingredient for oral photoprotection. Their mechanism of action may deserve further attention.
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Photoprotective effects of inclusion complexes of fullerenes with polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Murakami, M, Hyodo, S, Fujikawa, Y, Fujimoto, T, Maeda, K
Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine. 2013;(4):196-203
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outermost surface of the body is covered by the stratum corneum, which is critical for proper skin barrier function. We investigated photoprotective effects of inclusion complexes of fullerenes with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP/fullerenes). METHODS To examine the cytoprotective activity of PVP/fullerenes against ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, we placed a dish with or without PVP/fullerenes on top of dishes containing cultured keratinocytes with or without PVP/fullerenes. Next, we examined the effects of PVP/fullerenes on the ratio of cells with cornified envelopes and transglutaminase-1 expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we examined the barrier recovery effect of PVP/fullerenes solution by measuring transepidermal water loss after tape stripping in humans. RESULTS UVB irradiation at 40 mJ/cm(2) markedly induced inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation. The inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation was restored only when PVP/fullerenes were present before UVB irradiation in the lower dish with the cells. UVB irradiation decreased the ratio of cells with cornified envelopes and transglutaminase-1 expression; however, the application of PVP/fullerenes reversed this phenomenon. PVP/fullerenes solution significantly promoted the recovery of transepidermal water loss on the second and third days after tape stripping. CONCLUSION PVP/fullerenes can be used in cosmetics, especially in those intended to protect photo damage and ameliorate skin barrier perturbations.
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Alcohol consumption decreases the protection efficiency of the antioxidant network and increases the risk of sunburn in human skin.
Darvin, ME, Sterry, W, Lademann, J, Patzelt, A
Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2013;(1):45-51
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological data has demonstrated that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for sunburn, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. We hypothesized that if the concentration of the antioxidants in the skin has already decreased due to alcohol consumption, then an adequate neutralization of the free radicals induced by ultraviolet light cannot be performed. Based on this hypothesis, we determined the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the minimal erythema dose (MED) of 6 male human volunteers before and after consumption of alcohol or alcohol and orange juice combined. The results showed a significant decrease in the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the MED after alcohol consumption, but no significant decrease after a combined intake of alcohol and orange juice.
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Oral green tea catechin metabolites are incorporated into human skin and protect against UV radiation-induced cutaneous inflammation in association with reduced production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid.
Rhodes, LE, Darby, G, Massey, KA, Clarke, KA, Dew, TP, Farrar, MD, Bennett, S, Watson, RE, Williamson, G, Nicolaou, A
The British journal of nutrition. 2013;(5):891-900
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Abstract
Green tea catechins (GTC) reduce UV radiation (UVR)-induced inflammation in experimental models, but human studies are scarce and their cutaneous bioavailability and mechanism of photoprotection are unknown. We aimed to examine oral GTC cutaneous uptake, ability to protect human skin against erythema induced by a UVR dose range and impact on potent cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-produced mediators of UVR inflammation, PGE2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), respectively. In an open oral intervention study, sixteen healthy human subjects (phototype I/II) were given low-dose GTC (540 mg) with vitamin C (50 mg) daily for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-supplementation, the buttock skin was exposed to UVR and the resultant erythema quantified. Skin blister fluid and biopsies were taken from the unexposed and the UVR-exposed skin 24 h after a pro-inflammatory UVR challenge (three minimal erythema doses). Urine, skin tissue and fluid were analysed for catechin content and skin fluid for PGE2 and 12-HETE by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem MS. A total of fourteen completing subjects were supplement compliant (twelve female, median 42.5 years, range 29-59 years). Benzoic acid levels were increased in skin fluid post-supplementation (P= 0.03), and methylated gallic acid and several intact catechins and hydroxyphenyl-valerolactones were detected in the skin tissue and fluid. AUC analysis for UVR erythema revealed reduced response post-GTC (P= 0.037). Pre-supplementation, PGE2 and 12-HETE were UVR induced (P= 0.003, 0.0001). After GTC, UVR-induced 12-HETE reduced from mean 64 (sd 42) to 41 (sd 32) pg/μl (P= 0.01), while PGE2 was unaltered. Thus, GTC intake results in the incorporation of catechin metabolites into human skin associated with abrogated UVR-induced 12-HETE; this may contribute to protection against sunburn inflammation and potentially longer-term UVR-mediated damage.
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Histologic improvement in photodamage after 12 months of treatment with tretinoin emollient cream (0.02%).
Kircik, LH
Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD. 2012;(9):1036-40
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Topical retinoids, such as tretinoin, have been established as the gold standard for the treatment of photodamaged skin. This was a single-center, open-label, single-group, observational histologic subanalysis of 3 of 19 patients participating in a study of the efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.02% for the treatment of moderate to severe facial photodamage. METHODS Subjects were female, 18 years of age or older, and instructed to apply tretinoin 0.02% to the treatment areas for 12 months. Histology was undertaken using facial photographs and 2-mm biopsies of the lateral canthus area that were obtained from 3 subjects at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS Histopathologic analyses revealed evidence of extensive solar elastosis at baseline for 2 of the 3 subjects who were white, with moderate elastosis observed for the third subject who was African American. Histologic improvements in photodamage following 12 months of treatment with tretinoin 0.02% were observed for each subject. Improvements included smoothing of the epidermis, a slightly thinner keratin layer, and thin, comparatively straight elastic and collagen fibers in the mid- to deep-dermal layer. CONCLUSIONS The histologic changes in all subjects could be attributed to a remodeling (elastin) or repair (collagen) process that affected the connective tissue fibers in all layers of the dermis. These results suggest that tretinoin 0.02% may be an effective treatment for photodamage, and additional evaluation is warranted in future studies.
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Changes in photoinduced cutaneous erythema with topical application of a combination of vitamins C and E before and after UV exposure.
Aguilera, J, de Gálvez, MV, Sánchez, C, Herrera-Ceballos, E
Journal of dermatological science. 2012;(3):216-20
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation is harmful for human skin, and photodamaging pathologies such as actinic erythema, are formerly described as a consequence of UV direct effect on DNA and indirectly by local immune reactions. However, the degree of participation of oxidative stress in actinic erythema and the role of antioxidants in photoprotection are still not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible palliative role of a combination of the antioxidants vitamins C and E in human cutaneous erythema when applied topically before and after UV exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 20 volunteers of phototypes II, II-III and III with no solar exposure for two months prior to the study. The volunteers were submitted to a phototest consisting on the analysis of the minimal erythemal dose (MED) under different treatments: 1. Untreated irradiated skin; 2. Irradiated skin previously treated with vehicle; 3. Irradiated skin previously treated with a combination of vitamins (2.5% vit E-5% vit C); and 4. Skin treated with the antioxidant combination after irradiation. Cutaneous erythema was evaluated 24h after exposure and the MED was calculated for each treatment. RESULTS The application of vehicle did not significantly affect the MED compared to untreated irradiated skin. Application of the antioxidant combination, prior to irradiation, increased the MED in all phototypes compared with untreated irradiated skin with an average increase of 36.9%. Antioxidants applied after exposure promoted an average increase of the MED by 19.8%. CONCLUSIONS Combination of topical antioxidants (vitamins C and E) shows photoprotection activity against erythema, mainly owing to their high absorption properties. Moreover, their antioxidant activity could be considered as additive, and independent of their optical properties.
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Validation of the simplified UVB model to assess the pharmacodynamics of analgesics in healthy human volunteers.
Ing Lorenzini, K, Besson, M, Daali, Y, Salomon, D, Dayer, P, Desmeules, J
Chimia. 2012;(5):296-9
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study was conducted in healthy human volunteers with the primary objective of exploring the existence of a positive interaction between paracetamol 1 g and ketorolac 20 mg intravenously on experimental pain models. Further, the simplified UVB model was validated as a screening tool for analgesics or a combination of analgesics in clinical drug development. It was observed that the UVB irradiation induced primary hyperalgesia, evidenced by significant decreases of the heat pain threshold from (mean ± SD) 46.9 ± 1.1 °C to 40.1 ± 1.7 °C (p <0.001) and of the mechanical pain threshold (62% decrease). A small intra- and inter-individual variability was observed as well as consistent intra-day stability for the heat pain threshold. The UVB irradiation also resulted in the development of an area of secondary hyperalgesia of 21.3 ± 11.3 cm(2). The mechanical pain threshold and area of secondary hyperalgesia showed small intra-individual variability and consistent intra-day stability. However, a greater variability was observed between subjects, which suggests that a crossover design would allow limiting the number of subjects.