1.
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Chitosan-Derived and Biofermentation-Derived Glucosamine in Nutritional Supplement for Bone Health.
Kang, HE, Kim, SJ, Yeo, EJ, Hong, J, Rajgopal, A, Hu, C, Murray, MA, Dang, J, Park, E
Nutrients. 2022;(15)
Abstract
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate have been used as nutritional supplementation for joint tissues and osteoarthritis (OA). Biofermented glucosamine is of great interest in the supplement industry as an alternative source of glucosamine. The purpose of this study is to compare the pharmacokinetics of chitosan-derived glucosamine and biofermentation-derived glucosamine as nutritional supplementation. In a randomized, double-blind and cross-over study design, we recruited subjects of healthy men and women. The pharmacokinetics of glucosamine were examined after a single dose of glucosamine sulfate 2KCl (1500 mg) with two different sources of glucosamine (chitosan-derived glucosamine and biofermentation-derived glucosamine) to male and female subjects fitted with intravenous (iv) catheters for repeated blood sampling up to 8 h. According to plasma concentration-time curve of glucosamine after an oral administration of 1500 mg of glucosamine sulfate 2KCl, AUC0-8h and AUC0-∞ values of glucosamine following oral administration of chitosan-derived and biofermentation-derived glucosamine formulations were within the bioequivalence criteria (90% CI of ratios are within 0.8-1.25). The mean Cmax ratios for these two formulations (90% CI of 0.892-1.342) did not meet bioequivalence criteria due to high within-subject variability. There were no statistically significant effects of sequence, period, origin of glucosamine on pharmacokinetic parameters of glucosamine such as AUC0-8h, AUC0-∞, Cmax. Our findings suggest that biofermentation-derived glucosamine could be a sustainable source of raw materials for glucosamine supplement.
2.
Improving Patient to Patient CT Value Uniformity with an Individualized Contrast Medium Protocol Tailored to Body Weight and Contrast Medium Concentration in Coronary CT Angiography.
Xing, Y, Azati, G, Pan, CX, Dang, J, Jha, S, Liu, WY
PloS one. 2015;(7):e0132412
Abstract
To determine whether body weight and concentration dependent contrast medium (CM) injection protocols can improve patient to patient CT value uniformity more than the conventional injection protocols with fixed injection parameters in coronary CT angiography (CCTA), one hundred and sixty patients who underwent CCTA were prospectively randomized into two groups. Group A (n = 80) used individualized-protocol with adjusted injection rate based on patient weight and contrast medium concentration to obtain constant iodine load of 280 mgI/kg while group B (n = 80) followed the conventional contrast injection protocol with total injection volume of 80ml and constant injection rate of 5.5ml/s. For both groups, patients were further divided into four subgroups with different CM concentrations: A1, B1 (300 mg I/ml); A2, B2 (320 mg I/ml); A3, B3 (350 mg I/ml) and A4 and B4 (370 mg I/ml). For each patient, the CT values of the ascending aorta, left ventricle and coronary arteries were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare CT values among subgroups. Among the subgroups of A, sufficient attenuation of greater than 300HU was obtained in all target vessels with no difference among them. Among the subgroups of B, the CT values had significant difference in left ventricle, left circumflex branch, proximal and distal segment of the right coronary artery (all p < 0.05), and the attenuation with 300 mg I/ml CM concentration was significantly lower than that with 370 mg I/ml. Compared with group B, group A used less volume (62.83 ml vs. 80.00 ml, P<0.001) and lower rate (5.21 ml/s vs. 5.50 ml/s, P<0.001) of CM. Compared with the conventional contrast medium injection protocol with fixed volume and injection rate, the individualized-protocol based on patient weight and contrast concentration provides overall contrast dose reduction and achieves more homogenous attenuation among different coronary vessels and patients.