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Roles of Diet-Associated Gut Microbial Metabolites on Brain Health: Cell-to-Cell Interactions between Gut Bacteria and the Central Nervous System.
Kim, CS
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 2024;(1):100136
Abstract
Gut microbiota have crucial effects on brain function via the gut-brain axis. Growing evidence suggests that this interaction is mediated by signaling molecules derived from dietary components metabolized by the intestinal microbiota. Although recent studies have provided a substantial understanding of the cell-specific effects of gut microbial molecules in gut microbiome-brain research, further validation is needed. This review presents recent findings on gut microbiota-derived dietary metabolites that enter the systemic circulation and influence the cell-to-cell interactions between gut microbes and cells in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly microglia, astrocytes, and neuronal cells, ultimately affecting cognitive function, mood, and behavior. Specifically, this review highlights the roles of metabolites produced by the gut microbiota via dietary component transformation, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bile acid metabolites, in promoting the function and maturation of brain cells and suppressing inflammatory signals in the CNS. We also discuss future directions for gut microbiome-brain research, focusing on diet-induced microbial metabolite-based therapies as possible novel approaches to mental health treatment.
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Marine Biological Macromolecules and Chemically Modified Macromolecules; Potential Anticoagulants.
Chandika, P, Tennakoon, P, Kim, TH, Kim, SC, Je, JY, Kim, JI, Lee, B, Ryu, B, Kang, HW, Kim, HW, et al
Marine drugs. 2022;(10)
Abstract
Coagulation is a potential defense mechanism that involves activating a series of zymogens to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin clots to prevent bleeding and hemorrhagic complications. To prevent the extra formation and diffusion of clots, the counterbalance inhibitory mechanism is activated at levels of the coagulation pathway. Contrariwise, this system can evade normal control due to either inherited or acquired defects or aging which leads to unusual clots formation. The abnormal formations and deposition of excess fibrin trigger serious arterial and cardiovascular diseases. Although heparin and heparin-based anticoagulants are a widely prescribed class of anticoagulants, the clinical use of heparin has limitations due to the unpredictable anticoagulation, risk of bleeding, and other complications. Hence, significant interest has been established over the years to investigate alternative therapeutic anticoagulants from natural sources, especially from marine sources with good safety and potency due to their unique chemical structure and biological activity. This review summarizes the coagulation cascade and potential macromolecular anticoagulants derived from marine flora and fauna.
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Escherichia coli small molecule metabolism at the host-microorganism interface.
Gatsios, A, Kim, CS, Crawford, JM
Nature chemical biology. 2021;(10):1016-1026
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Abstract
Escherichia coli are a common component of the human microbiota, and isolates exhibit probiotic, commensal and pathogenic roles in the host. E. coli members often use diverse small molecule chemistry to regulate intrabacterial, intermicrobial and host-bacterial interactions. While E. coli are considered to be a well-studied model organism in biology, much of their chemical arsenal has only more recently been defined, and much remains to be explored. Here we describe chemical signaling systems in E. coli in the context of the broader field of metabolism at the host-bacteria interface and the role of this signaling in disease modulation.
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Necrotizing Enterocolitis Pathophysiology: How Microbiome Data Alter Our Understanding.
Kim, CS, Claud, EC
Clinics in perinatology. 2019;(1):29-38
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the preterm infant population. The gut microbiome is of particular interest in research surrounding necrotizing enterocolitis, because variations in the intestinal microbiota seem to correlate with the risk of inflammation and disease. Recent advances in non-culture-based genomic sequencing have also allowed for more intricate analyses of the intestinal microbiome. Its evolution seems to be influenced by intrauterine and extrauterine factors, ranging from antenatal antibiotic exposure to type of enteral feeds. Ultimately, these alterations in the gut microbiome have the potential to result in devastating diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Overview of Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy.
Kroopnick, JM, Kim, CS
Seminars in reproductive medicine. 2016;(6):323-330
Abstract
Overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy, defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and reduced serum free thyroxine or a TSH >10 mIU/L, is known to have adverse effects on pregnancy. Subclinical hypothyroidism is typically defined as an elevated TSH and normal FT4 levels. There remains much controversy on the benefit of starting levothyroxine for mothers diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism. Recent studies are redefining the normal range for TSH in pregnancy, and the data on whether treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism improves outcomes for the mother and fetus are unclear. One confounding variable is the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, as it may be a surrogate marker for other autoimmune disorders detrimental to pregnancy. If levothyroxine treatment is initiated, the dosing and monitoring strategy is different from nonpregnant individuals. Randomized clinical trials are underway that may better elucidate whether treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is warranted.
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Immunological Profiling of Obesity.
Ignacio, RM, Kim, CS, Kim, SK
Journal of lifestyle medicine. 2014;(1):1-7
Abstract
It is widely accepted that chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity. Researchers have recently discovered that increased inflammatory cytokines and the infiltration and activation of macrophage cells in the adipose tissue are related to chronic obesity. This immunologic dysregulation has led to the development of the classical pro-inflammatory paradigm. However, since chronic inflammation associated with obesity is more than just the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, precise dissection requires beyond the classical pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize the immunological profiling of obesity for theragnostic convenience, focusing on the cytokine and adipokine network in obesity and the significance of the balance of Th1/Th2 immunity.
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Riedel's thyroiditis in a patient with recurrent subacute thyroiditis: a case report and review of the literature.
Cho, MH, Kim, CS, Park, JS, Kang, ES, Ahn, CW, Cha, BS, Lim, SK, Kim, KR, Lee, HC
Endocrine journal. 2007;(4):559-62
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Abstract
Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare form of chronic thyroiditis, characterised by a fibroinflammatory process that partially destroys the thyroid and often involves surrounding tissues. The relationship of Riedel's thyroiditis to other forms of thyroiditis is not clear. A case of Riedel's thyroiditis in a 51-year-old woman presenting with symptoms of subacute thyroiditis, is reported. She was diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis based on clinical manifestation and laboratory results. She was treated with glucocorticoids for six weeks, and then followed-up for 12 months. Three years later, she visited with tenderness and enlargement of thyroid mass, and laboratory and radiology findings suggested that she had a malignant thyroid tumor as well as subacute thyroiditis. After thyroidectomy, histopathologic findings showed that she had Riedel's thyroiditis in the presence of subacute thyroiditis. Until now, few cases of Riedel's thyroiditis in patients with a history of subacute thyroiditis have been reported in the literature. Although the etiology of Riedel's thyroiditis is unknown, it may develop in the course of subacute thyroiditis.