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Effects of Water Restriction and Supplementation on Cognitive Performances and Mood among Young Adults in Baoding, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
Zhang, J, Ma, G, Du, S, Liu, S, Zhang, N
Nutrients. 2021;(10)
Abstract
The brain is approximately 75% water. Therefore, insufficient water intake may affect the cognitive performance of humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of water restriction and supplementation on cognitive performances and mood, and the optimum amount of water to alleviate the detrimental effects of dehydration, among young adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 76 young, healthy adults aged 18-23 years old from Baoding, China. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 2, the osmolality of the first morning urine and blood, cognitive performance, and mood were measured as a baseline test. After water restriction for 24 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 3, the same indexes were measured as a dehydration test. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups: water supplementation group (WS group) 1, 2, or 3 (given 1000, 500, or 200 mL purified water), and the no water supplementation group (NW group). Furthermore, participants were instructed to drink all the water within 10 min. Ninety minutes later, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Compared with the baseline test, participants were all in dehydration and their scores on the portrait memory test, vigor, and self-esteem decreased (34 vs. 27, p < 0.001; 11.8 vs. 9.2, p < 0.001; 7.8 vs. 6.4, p < 0.001). Fatigue and TMD (total mood disturbance) increased (3.6 vs. 4.8, p = 0.004; 95.7 vs. 101.8, p < 0.001) in the dehydration test. Significant interactions between time and volume were found in hydration status, fatigue, vigor, TMD, symbol search test, and operation span test (F = 6.302, p = 0.001; F = 3.118, p = 0.029; F = 2.849, p = 0.043; F = 2.859, p = 0.043; F = 3.463, p = 0.021) when comparing the rehydration and dehydration test. Furthermore, the hydration status was better in WS group 1 compared to WS group 2; the fatigue and TMD scores decreased, and the symbol search test and operation span test scores increased, only in WS group 1 and WS group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). Dehydration impaired episodic memory and mood. Water supplementation improved processing speed, working memory, and mood, and 1000 mL was the optimum volume.
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The Influence of Fluid Intake Behavior on Cognition and Mood among College Students in Baoding, China.
He, H, Zhang, JF, Zhang, N, Du, S, Liu, S, Ma, G
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2020;:63-64
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Water is a critical nutrient, and it is important for the maintenance of the physiological function of the human body [1-3]. In addition to fluid amounts, fluid intake frequency is also important for hydration status [4, 5]. At present, only few guidelines mention fluid intake behavior that recommend drinking water frequently while in small quantities, however, there is no scientific evidence to support it. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the appropriate fluid intake behavior. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of different fluid intake behavior on cognition and mood, to provide scientific basis for proposing the appropriate fluid intake behavior. METHODS A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed and implemented among college students aged 18-23 years in Baoding, China. Subjects were randomly assigned into each of 3 groups using a random number generated by computer software: the subjects consuming plain water 200 mL/2 h, that is, 1,600 mL during whole day (group 1), 100 mL/2 h, that is, 800 mL during whole day (group 2), and 110 mL/1 h, that is, 1,650 mL during whole day (group 3), respectively. Subjects were asked to fast from 11:00 p.m., without consuming any foods or drinks the day before the intervention. From 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. of the first study day, subjects consumed water according to the instructions and repeated it from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. of the second study day. Cognition, mood, and urine osmolality were collected twice at 10:00 a.m. (time 1) and 4:00 p.m. (time 2) of the second study day (shown in Fig. 1). RESULTS A total of 92 subjects (46 males, 46 females) completed this study. It was found that the increasing fluid intake amounts lead to an increase in urine output and a decrease in urine osmolality (p < 0.05). Use the mixed models to compare measurements for groups 1 and 2, which showed that when compared with those drinking 800 mL per day, people who drank 1,600 mL per day scored higher in vigor (11.8 vs. 9.1, p < 0.05) and portrait memory test (22.6 vs. 20.8, p < 0.05) but lower in total mood disturbance (90.8 vs. 97.8, p < 0.05). By comparing groups 1 and 3, the results indicated that compared with drinking 8 times per day, people who drank 15 times per day scored lower in portrait memory test (21.8 vs. 22.6, p < 0.05) and hunger (3.3 vs. 3.6, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Reasonable fluid intake behavior may be beneficial to improve the cognition and mood of college students. The fluid intake behavior, which is consuming water 200 mL each time and 8 times per day, is recommended. More studies are needed to advise people to have health-beneficial fluid intake behavior.
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Effects of the Amount and Frequency of Fluid Intake on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Young Adults in Baoding, Hebei, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
He, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, N, Du, S, Liu, S, Ma, G
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;(23)
Abstract
Water is a critical nutrient that is important for the maintenance of the physiological function of the human body. This article aimed to investigate the effects of the amount and frequency of fluid intake on cognitive performance and mood. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed and implemented on college students aged 18-23 years in Baoding, China. Participants were randomly assigned into one of three groups: the recommended behavior group (RB group) who drank 200 mL of water every 2 h, the half amount group (HA group) who drank 100 mL of water every 2 h, and the high frequency group (HF group) who drank 110 mL of water every 1 h. The intervention lasted 2 days. Urine osmolality, cognitive performance, and mood of participants in each group were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A total of 92 participants (46 females, 46 males) completed this study with a completion rate of 95.8%. The urine osmolality of the HA group was higher than that of the RB group and the HF group at two time points (p < 0.05). At time point 1, the scores in the portrait memory test and vigor were statistically different (F = 20.45, p < 0.001; F = 5.46, p = 0.006). It was found that the scores for the portrait memory test in the RB group were lower than those in the HA group and the HF group (p = 0.007; p < 0.001), while the scores of the HF group were higher than those of the HA group (p < 0.001). The scores for vigor in the RB group were significantly higher than those of the HA group (p = 0.006), and they were also significantly higher than those of the HF group (p = 0.004). At time point 2, only the scores for vigor were statistically different (F = 3.80, p = 0.026). It was found that the scores for vigor in the RB group were higher than those in the HA group and HF group (p = 0.018; p = 0.019). Both the amount and frequency of fluid intake may affect urine osmolality and vigor, but these factors have limited impacts on cognitive performance. Rational fluid intake behavior may be beneficial to improve the hydration status and mood of young adults. More research is needed, especially experimental research, to allow causal conclusions to be drawn.
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Preservation of residual renal function by not removing water in new hemodialysis patients: a randomized, controlled study.
Liu, S, Diao, Z, Zhang, D, Ding, J, Cui, W, Liu, W
International urology and nephrology. 2014;(1):83-90
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of no water removal (NWR) on preservation of residual renal function (RRF) in new hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS Fifty-six patients with a daily urine volume ≥ 1,000 mL were included. Patients were randomized to different fluid management groups of NWR or water removal (WR) for 6 months. If predialysis BP was >150/90 mmHg, patients could take antihypertensive drugs. The primary endpoints included death, cardio-cerebral vascular disease, refractory hypertension, and edema or an auxiliary examination indicating obvious fluid retention. The secondary endpoint was oliguria. A daily urine volume, 24-h urine creatinine clearance, the defined daily dose (DDD) index of antihypertensive drugs, erythropoietin resistance index, cardiothoracic ratio, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were recorded. RESULTS Eight patients in the NWR group reached the primary endpoints. Nine patients in the WR group reached the secondary endpoint. At the end of the study, patients in the NWR group had more increased systemic blood pressure (9.0 ± 8.3 vs. -2.4 ± 2.0 mmHg, p < 0.001), DDD index (1.2 ± 1.02 vs. -0.9 ± 0.51, p < 0.001), daily urine volume (164 ± 351 vs. -726 ± 342 mL, p < 0.001), cardiothoracic ratio (0.02 ± 0.04 vs. -0.03 ± 0.03, p < 0.001), LVMI (9.6 ± 17.0 vs. -12.0 ± 21.4 g/m(2), p < 0.001), and less decreased urine creatinine clearance (-1.0 ± 0.4 vs. -2.0 ± 1.0, p < 0.001), compared with those patients in the WR group. CONCLUSIONS Preservation of RRF by NWR is warranted in new HD patients, but is not appropriate for all patients.