1.
Ca2+ to the rescue - Ca2+channels and signaling in plant immunity.
Moeder, W, Phan, V, Yoshioka, K
Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology. 2019;:19-26
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger in many signaling pathways in all eukaryotes including plants. Transient changes in [Ca2+]cyt are rapidly generated upon a diverse range of stimuli such as drought, heat, wounding, and biotic stresses (infection by pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms), as well as developmental cues. It has been known for a while that [Ca2+]cyt transient signals play crucial roles to activate plant immunity and recently significant progresses have been made in this research field. However the identity and regulation of ion channels that are involved in defense related Ca2+ signals are still enigmatic. Members of two ligand gated ion channel families, glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) have been implicated in immune responses; nevertheless more precise data to understand their direct involvement in the creation of Ca2+ signals during immune responses is necessary. Furthermore, the study of other ion channel groups is also required to understand the whole picture of the intra- and inter-cellular Ca2+ signalling network. In this review we summarize Ca2+ signals in plant immunity from an ion channel point of view and discuss future challenges in this exciting research field.
2.
Calcium signalling in T cells.
Trebak, M, Kinet, JP
Nature reviews. Immunology. 2019;(3):154-169
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is of paramount importance to immunity. Regulated increases in cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations in lymphocytes control complex and crucial effector functions such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, antibody and cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity. Altered Ca2+ regulation in lymphocytes leads to various autoimmune, inflammatory and immunodeficiency syndromes. Several types of plasma membrane and organellar Ca2+-permeable channels are functional in T cells. They contribute highly localized spatial and temporal Ca2+ microdomains that are required for achieving functional specificity. While the mechanistic details of these Ca2+ microdomains are only beginning to emerge, it is evident that through crosstalk, synergy and feedback mechanisms, they fine-tune T cell signalling to match complex immune responses. In this article, we review the expression and function of various Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and endolysosomes of T cells and their role in shaping immunity and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases.
3.
Store-operated Ca2+ channels in airway epithelial cell function and implications for asthma.
Samanta, K, Parekh, AB
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences. 2016;(1700)
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the lung are at the interface of a host and its environment and are therefore directly exposed to the inhaled air-borne particles. Rather than serving as a simple physical barrier, airway epithelia detect allergens and other irritants and then help organize the subsequent immune response through release of a plethora of secreted signals. Many of these signals are generated in response to opening of store-operated Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the properties of airway store-operated channels and their role in regulating airway epithelial cell function.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
4.
TRPA1: A gatekeeper for inflammation.
Bautista, DM, Pellegrino, M, Tsunozaki, M
Annual review of physiology. 2013;:181-200
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Abstract
Tissue damage evokes an inflammatory response that promotes the removal of harmful stimuli, tissue repair, and protective behaviors to prevent further damage and encourage healing. However, inflammation may outlive its usefulness and become chronic. Chronic inflammation can lead to a host of diseases, including asthma, itch, rheumatoid arthritis, and colitis. Primary afferent sensory neurons that innervate target organs release inflammatory neuropeptides in the local area of tissue damage to promote vascular leakage, the recruitment of immune cells, and hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. TRPA1 channels are required for neuronal excitation, the release of inflammatory neuropeptides, and subsequent pain hypersensitivity. TRPA1 is also activated by the release of inflammatory agents from nonneuronal cells in the area of tissue injury or disease. This dual function of TRPA1 as a detector and instigator of inflammatory agents makes TRPA1 a gatekeeper of chronic inflammatory disorders of the skin, airways, and gastrointestinal tract.
5.
[Ion channels on T lymphocyte].
Xiao, L, Fu, HY, Song, DM, Fan, SG
Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology]. 2003;(2):105-10
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to show that ion channels on lymphocytes play a very important role in the regulation of immune functions. In T lymphocytes, there are three types of ion channels on cell membrane: Ca2+, K+ and Cl- channel. The influx of Ca2+ into T lymphocyte through Ca2+ channel (CRAC) may act as a second messenger to activate T lymphocyte when antigen binds to the receptor (TCR). The efflux of K+ from T lymphocyte through the K+ channel contributes to the formation of T cell membrane potential. The level of the membrane potential may affect the influx of Ca2+ into T cells. Therefore, the activation and the functions of T cell can be regulated by K+ channel indirectly. Cl- channel in T lymphocyte was found in recent years and it is probably involved in the regulation of cell volume. The recent progress on ion channels in T lymphocyte is summarized briefly in the present paper.