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Crosstalk between core-multishell nanocarriers for cutaneous drug delivery and antigen-presenting cells of the skin.
Edlich, A, Volz, P, Brodwolf, R, Unbehauen, M, Mundhenk, L, Gruber, AD, Hedtrich, S, Haag, R, Alexiev, U, Kleuser, B
Biomaterials. 2018;:60-70
Abstract
Owing their unique chemical and physical properties core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers are thought to underlie their exploitable biomedical use for a topical treatment of skin diseases. This highlights the need to consider not only the efficacy of CMS nanocarriers but also the potentially unpredictable and adverse consequences of their exposure thereto. As CMS nanocarriers are able to penetrate into viable layers of normal and stripped human skin ex vivo as well as in in vitro skin disease models the understanding of nanoparticle crosstalk with components of the immune system requires thorough investigation. Our studies highlight the biocompatible properties of CMS nanocarriers on Langerhans cells of the skin as they did neither induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity nor cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) or an immunological response. Nevertheless, CMS nanocarriers were efficiently taken up by Langerhans cells via divergent endocytic pathways. Bioimaging of CMS nanocarriers by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and flow cytometry indicated not only a localization within the lysosomes but also an energy-dependent exocytosis of unmodified CMS nanocarriers into the extracellular environment.
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An Appraisal on Various Methods of Nano Particulate Formulations.
Dhiman, B, Divtrannum, , Dhiman, A, Saini, S
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology. 2017;(4):255-262
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology has immense significance in the field of medicine, agriculture, business, public health sector due to wide applicability of the nano products. Basically, nanotechnology is the incorporation of nanoscale structures into larger material components to improve the properties of constructed system. METHOD Nanotechnology serves as an alternative drug delivery system to the liposomes drug delivery system as the stability of the product in biological fluids is the main problem associated with the liposomal drug delivery system. In the present review, nanoparticles, their applications, various techniques of preparation of nanoparticles and research update on nano particulate drug delivery system have been discussed. RESULTS The main complication associated with biodegradable polymer is uncertainty in their absorption pathway in gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes, harmful by-products after metabolism are released. However, the polymeric nanoparticles (synthetic or semi-synthetic) have a defined structure therefore; get absorbed in intact form in gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION Nano-particulate drug delivery system using natural/synthetic polymer may enhance the therapeutic activity of some anti-cancer drug by increasing the host's immune mechanism and antitumor role through improving the body's immune function. It has been observed that despite the technological challenges, nanoparticulate drug delivery system is the most promising drug delivery system in case of anticancer drugs because polymer based nanostructures enhance the bio-adhesiveness and as well as local accumulation of chemotherapeutic agent.
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New generation of liposomes called archaeosomes based on natural or synthetic archaeal lipids as innovative formulations for drug delivery.
Benvegnu, T, Lemiègre, L, Cammas-Marion, S
Recent patents on drug delivery & formulation. 2009;(3):206-20
Abstract
Archaeosomes made from natural archaeal membrane lipids and/or synthetic lipid analogues have been extensively studied for potential applications in drug and vaccine delivery over the past decade only. Archaeal-type lipids consist of archaeol (diether) and/or caldarchaeol (tetraether) core structures wherein regularly branched and usually fully saturated phytanyl chains (20-40 carbons in lengths), are attached via ether bonds to the sn-2,3 carbons of the glycerol backbone. Archaeosomes constitute a novel generation of liposomes that exhibit high stabilities to low or high temperatures, acidic or alkaline pH, oxidative conditions, high pressure, action of phospholipases, bile salts and serum proteins. These properties associated with a good safety profile are beneficial for nanotechnological applications in drug and gene delivery. Additionally, archaeosome formulations could be used as efficient carriers of antigens and/or adjuvants promoting antigen-specific, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, in addition to antigen-specific mucosal immune responses in the vaccinated hosts. The immune responses are well sustained over time, and are subject to strong memory responses. Nanodelivery-based vaccinations using archaeosomes could then represent a promising approach for treating and preventing infections, allergies, and neoplastic or cancer diseases. In this review, the few recent US, World and European patents developing archaeosomes for these biotechnological applications in Health are discussed.
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4.
Protein-inspired multilayer nanofilms: science, technology and medicine.
Haynie, DT, Zhang, L, Zhao, W, Rudra, JS
Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 2006;(3):150-7
Abstract
The field of polypeptide multilayer nanofilm research flourishes where study of protein structure and function shares a border with development of polyelectrolyte multilayers. The soil is fertile for creative input and promises a harvest of interesting results: the structure of a film can be predetermined on a layer-by-layer (LBL) basis, a huge variety of polypeptide sequences can be realized in large quantities by modern methods of synthesis, and the fabrication process is environmentally benign. In electrostatic LBL assembly, multilayer film assembly is driven primarily by coulombic interactions, but hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds also contribute to film formation and stability, the amount depending on polypeptide design. Most peptides suitable for LBL assembly form films with a large percentage of beta-sheet at neutral pH; it would appear that beta-sheet is favored over alpha-helix in this context by the contribution to entropy of the number of ways of forming a beta-sheet from a single polypeptide chain. Film thickness and roughness depend rather substantially on amino acid composition. Promising applications of the polypeptide multilayer film platform technology include coatings for medical implant devices, scaffolds for tissue engineering, coatings for targeted drug delivery, artificial cells for oxygen therapeutics, and artificial viruses for immunization. In each case peptide structure is tailored to the application. Here we summarize recent results of experimental studies and computational work from our laboratory, showing how the study of protein structure has inspired the design of polypeptide films and pointing out new opportunities for technology development. This work also provides a brief introduction to polypeptide structure and multilayer films.