1.
Aberrance of Zinc Metalloenzymes-Induced Human Diseases and Its Potential Mechanisms.
Cheng, Y, Chen, H
Nutrients. 2021;(12)
Abstract
Zinc, an essential micronutrient in the human body, is a component in over 300 enzymes and participates in regulating enzymatic activity. Zinc metalloenzymes play a crucial role in physiological processes including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune responses, as well as apoptosis. Aberrant enzyme activity can lead to various human diseases. In this review, we summarize zinc homeostasis, the roles of zinc in zinc metalloenzymes, the physiological processes of zinc metalloenzymes, and aberrant zinc metalloenzymes in human diseases. In addition, potential mechanisms of action are also discussed. This comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action of the regulatory functions of zinc in enzyme activity could inform novel zinc-micronutrient-supply strategies for the treatment of diseases.
2.
Enzymatic Mechanisms Involved in Evasion of Fungi to the Oxidative Stress: Focus on Scedosporium apiospermum.
Staerck, C, Vandeputte, P, Gastebois, A, Calenda, A, Giraud, S, Papon, N, Bouchara, JP, Fleury, MJJ
Mycopathologia. 2018;(1):227-239
Abstract
The airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are frequently colonized by various filamentous fungi, mainly Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium species. To establish within the respiratory tract and cause an infection, these opportunistic fungi express pathogenic factors allowing adherence to the host tissues, uptake of extracellular iron, or evasion to the host immune response. During the colonization process, inhaled conidia and the subsequent hyphae are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) released by phagocytic cells, which cause in the fungal cells an oxidative stress and a nitrosative stress, respectively. To cope with these constraints, fungal pathogens have developed various mechanisms that protect the fungus against ROS and RNS, including enzymatic antioxidant systems. In this review, we summarize the different works performed on ROS- and RNS-detoxifying enzymes in fungi commonly encountered in the airways of CF patients and highlight their role in pathogenesis of the airway colonization or respiratory infections. The potential of these enzymes as serodiagnostic tools is also emphasized. In addition, taking advantage of the recent availability of the whole genome sequence of S. apiospermum, we identified the various genes encoding ROS- and RNS-detoxifying enzymes, which pave the way for future investigations on the role of these enzymes in pathogenesis of these emerging species since they may constitute new therapeutics targets.
3.
Selenoproteins: Antioxidant selenoenzymes and beyond.
Steinbrenner, H, Speckmann, B, Klotz, LO
Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2016;:113-9
Abstract
Adequate intake of the essential trace element and micronutrient selenium is thought to be beneficial for maintaining human health. Selenium may modulate a broad spectrum of key biological processes, including the cellular response to oxidative stress, redox signalling, cellular differentiation, the immune response, and protein folding. Biochemical and cellular effects of selenium are achieved through activities of selenocysteine-containing selenoproteins. This small yet essential group comprises proteins encoded by 25 genes in humans, e.g. oxidoreductases such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), as well as the iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) and the plasma selenium transport protein, selenoprotein P (SePP1). Synthetic selenoorganic compounds, including the GPx mimetic ebselen, have also been applied in biological systems in vitro and in vivo; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of ebselen and its history as a drug candidate are summarised here. Furthermore, we discuss several aspects of selenoprotein biochemistry, ranging from their well-known importance for cellular protection against oxidative damage to more recent data that link selenoprotein expression/activity to enterocyte and adipocyte differentiation and function and to (dys)regulation of insulin action and secretion.
4.
[Biologically active substances from medicinal plants as a factor of the organism detoxication].
Dadali, VA, Makarov, VG
Voprosy pitaniia. 2003;(5):49-55
Abstract
Reported detail analysis of reguirements to the multicomponents plant systems for detoxication and cleaning of stomach and intestinal tract including absorption of harmful compounds, compensation of losses of benefit micronutrients, antiinflamatory, antiucler, anticancer activity, increase local immunity, activation of intestinal endocrinocytes, antioxidative and antihypoxantive activity ets. Molecular mechanisms of body detoxication with participation of medicinal and food plants compounds are discussed. Its include influence of this compounds on a) biochemical mechanism of detoxication and elimination from tissues of hydrophobic xenobiotics, drugs and hydrophobic metabolits (microsomal monooxygenases--cytochrome P-450--dependent system) and enzymes of conjugation(glutathion--S-transferase, glucuronyltransferase etc.; b) on antioxidant system (enzymatic superoxidedismutase-glutathionperoxidase and catalase seguence) and nonenzymatic chains (influence of flavonoids, anticyanines, antioxidant vitamins etc.)