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Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition.
Coqueiro, AY, Rogero, MM, Tirapegui, J
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid widely used in sports nutrition, especially because of its immunomodulatory role. Notwithstanding, glutamine plays several other biological functions, such as cell proliferation, energy production, glycogenesis, ammonia buffering, maintenance of the acid-base balance, among others. Thus, this amino acid began to be investigated in sports nutrition beyond its effect on the immune system, attributing to glutamine various properties, such as an anti-fatigue role. Considering that the ergogenic potential of this amino acid is still not completely known, this review aimed to address the main properties by which glutamine could delay fatigue, as well as the effects of glutamine supplementation, alone or associated with other nutrients, on fatigue markers and performance in the context of physical exercise. PubMed database was selected to examine the literature, using the keywords combination "glutamine" and "fatigue". Fifty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in this integrative literature review. Most of the studies evaluated observed that glutamine supplementation improved some fatigue markers, such as increased glycogen synthesis and reduced ammonia accumulation, but this intervention did not increase physical performance. Thus, despite improving some fatigue parameters, glutamine supplementation seems to have limited effects on performance.
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2.
Three consecutive days of interval runs to exhaustion affects lymphocyte subset apoptosis and migration.
Navalta, JW, Tibana, RA, Fedor, EA, Vieira, A, Prestes, J
BioMed research international. 2014;:694801
Abstract
This investigation assessed the lymphocyte subset response to three days of intermittent run exercise to exhaustion. Twelve healthy college-aged males (n = 8) and females (n = 4) (age = 26 ± 4 years; height = 170.2 ± 10 cm; body mass = 75 ± 18 kg) completed an exertion test (maximal running speed and VO2max) and later performed three consecutive days of an intermittent run protocol to exhaustion (30 sec at maximal running speed and 30 sec at half of the maximal running speed). Blood was collected before exercise (PRE) and immediately following the treadmill bout (POST) each day. When the absolute change from baseline was evaluated (i. e., Δ baseline), a significant change in CD4+ and CD8+ for CX3CR1 cells was observed by completion of the third day. Significant changes in both apoptosis and migration were observed following two consecutive days in CD19+ lymphocytes, and the influence of apoptosis persisted following the third day. Given these lymphocyte responses, it is recommended that a rest day be incorporated following two consecutive days of a high-intensity intermittent run program to minimize immune cell modulations and reduce potential susceptibility.
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3.
Sublingual nucleotides prolong run time to exhaustion in young physically active men.
Ostojic, SM, Idrizovic, K, Stojanovic, MD
Nutrients. 2013;(11):4776-85
Abstract
Although dietary nucleotides have been determined to be required for normal immune function, there is limited direct interventional evidence confirming performance-enhancing effects of sublingual nucleotides in humans. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of sublingual nucleotides (50 mg/day) administered for 14 days in thirty young healthy physically active males, on endurance performance and immune responses. Fasting white blood cell count, natural killer cells (NKC) number, NKC cytotoxic activity, and serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG), and time to exhaustion, peak rate of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, and peak running speed during the exercise test were measured at baseline (day 0) and post-intervention (day 14). Time to exhaustion, as well as serum immunoglobulin A and NKC cytotoxic activity, were significantly higher at day 14 (p < 0.05) in participants supplemented with nucleotides compared with those who consumed placebo. No significant differences in other parameters were observed between groups at post-intervention. No volunteers withdrew before the end of the study nor reported any vexatious side effects of supplementation. The results of the present study suggest that sublingual nucleotides may provide pertinent benefit as both an ergogenic and immunostimulatory additive in active males.
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4.
Immunological parameters in elderly women: correlations with aerobic power, muscle strength and mood state.
Raso, V, Natale, VM, Duarte, AJ, Greve, JM, Shephard, RJ
Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2012;(4):597-606
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to relate immunological data for healthy but sedentary elderly women to aerobic power, strength, and mood state. METHODS We measured peak aerobic power and one-repetition maximum strength along with mood (depression and fatigue), quality of life and carbohydrate intake on 42 women aged 60-77 years. Standard immunological techniques determined natural killer cell count and cytotoxic activity (NKCA), proliferative responses to phytohemaglutinin and OKT(3), various lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3(+), CD3(-)CD19(+), CD56(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD56(dim) and CD56(bright)), and markers of activation, maturation, down-regulation and susceptibility to apoptosis (CD25(+), CD28(+), CD45RA(+), CD45RO(+), CD69(+), CD95(+), HLA-DR(+)). RESULTS Correlations of immune parameters with aerobic power and strength were very similar for absolute and relative immunological data. In the group as a whole, the only correlation with aerobic power was -0.35 (relative CD4(+)CD69(+) count), but in subjects with values <22.6 mL kg(-1)min(-1) correlations ranged from -0.57 (relative CD4(+)CD45RO(+)) to 0.92 (absolute CD56(dim)HLA-DR(+)). In terms of muscle strength, univariate correlation coefficients ranged from -0.34 (relative and absolute CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(+)) to +0.48 (absolute CD3(+)HLA-DR(+)) and +0.50 (absolute CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD45RO(+)). Neither NKCA nor lymphocyte proliferation were correlated with aerobic power or muscle strength. Although mood state and quality of life can sometimes be influenced by an individual's fitness level, our multivariate analyses suggested that depression, fatigue and quality of life were more important determinants of immune profile than our fitness measures. CONCLUSIONS Psychological changes associated with aging may have a substantial adverse effect upon the immune system, and immunological function may be enhanced more by addressing these issues than by focusing upon aerobic or resistance training.
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5.
Will vitamin D supplementation ameliorate diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and fatigue?
Hoeck, AD, Pall, ML
Medical hypotheses. 2011;(2):208-13
Abstract
Chronic NF-κB activation has been supposed as a key event in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and many other better-defined pro-inflammatory diseases. Knowledge about the impact of deficiency vitamin D on chronic NF-κB activation could open a new disease approach. Whereas NF-κB activation leads at first to a pro-inflammatory immune response, later on a vitamin D-dependent anti-inflammatory response ensues. Binding of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to vitamin D receptor (VDR) yields a transcription factor which represses NF-κB activation, and additionally modulates and down-regulates adaptive, but enhances innate immune responses, and improves redox balance, thus counterbalancing inflammation on multiple levels. However, this built-in late counterbalance against inflammation works only when stores of calcium and 25(OH)D(3) are abundant. Therefore a connection between lowered vitamin D-metabolism and persistent NF-κB activation, augmented nitrosative-oxidative stress, redox imbalance, chronic inflammation, and concomitant fatigue can be postulated. In order to confirm this hypothesis, randomized controlled clinical studies about the clinical effects of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D(3) would be necessary in diseases characterized by persistent NF-κB activation and chronic inflammation and fatigue.
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6.
[Integrated Chinese and Western medical treatment on postoperative fatigue syndrome in patients with gastric cancer].
Dong, QT, Zhang, XD, Yu, Z
Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine. 2010;(10):1036-40
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the combined use of Shenmai Injection (SMI) and enteral nutrition on postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) in patients with gastric cancer (GC). METHODS Fifty-eight GC patients were randomized into the parenteral nutrition group (PNG, 19 cases), enteral nutrition group (ENG, 19 cases) and combined treatment group (CTG, 20 cases). The post-operative recovery in patients was observed; patients' conditions of fatigue, mood and sleep were evaluated respectively by visual analogue scale of fatigue, profile of mood states (POMS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Meanwhile, nutritional variables, such as serum contents of total protein, albumin, pre-albumin, were measured at different time points: before operation (d0) and the 1st, 5th, and 9th day (d1, d5 and d9) after operation. Immune variables such as subsets of lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8), serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) were also determined. RESULTS Conditions of recovery, POMS and PSQI were better and the postoperative fatigue reduced more significantly in CTG than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). On d9, levels of pre-albumin, CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 in CTG were significantly higher than those in the PNG and ENG (P < 0.05), meantime, levels of albumin and IgA were higher in CTG than those in PNG (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Combined treatment of SMI and enteral nutrition can regulate mood and sleep to some extents, and reduce the postoperative fatigue through improving nutritional status and immune function, thus speeding up the recovery of patients.
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7.
Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in adults with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.
Neill, J, Belan, I, Ried, K
Journal of advanced nursing. 2006;(6):617-35
Abstract
AIM: This paper reports a systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in adults with three common autoimmune conditions. BACKGROUND A considerable proportion of people with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus experience compromised quality of life due to fatigue. Recent reviews of pharmacotherapies for fatigue in these conditions remain inconclusive, and systematic evidence for effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions was unavailable. Our paper addresses this gap. METHODS The literature search used the key words fatigue, energy, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus. It included 19 electronic databases and libraries, three evidence-based journals, two internet search engines, was dated 1987-2006, and limited to English. Non-pharmacological experimental studies about fatigue comprising more than five adults were included. Meta-analysis was not possible due to diverse interventions and outcome measures, therefore studies were analysed by types of interventions used to reduce fatigue. RESULTS Of 653 hits, 162 papers were reviewed, and 36 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-three primary studies reported 14 randomized controlled trials and 19 quasi-experimental designs. Most interventions were tested with people with multiple sclerosis. Exercise, behavioural, nutritional and physiological interventions were associated with statistically significant reductions in fatigue. Aerobic exercise was effective, appropriate and feasible for reducing fatigue among adults with chronic autoimmune conditions. Electromagnetic field devices showed promise. The diversity of interventions, designs, and using 24 different instruments to measure fatigue, limited comparisons. CONCLUSION Low impact aerobic exercise gradually increasing in intensity, duration and frequency may be an effective strategy in reducing fatigue in some adults with chronic auto-immune conditions. However, fatigue is a variable and personal experience and a range of behavioural interventions may be required. Well-designed studies testing these promising strategies and consensus on outcome fatigue measures are needed.
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8.
Effect of a probiotic multivitamin compound on stress and exhaustion.
Gruenwald, J, Graubaum, HJ, Harde, A
Advances in therapy. 2002;(3):141-50
Abstract
This 6-month study evaluated a probiotic multivitamin preparation in 42 adult men and women suffering from stress or exhaustion. The preparation was taken daily with breakfast. A psychological-neurologic questionnaire assessed psycho-organic, central vegetative, and somatic discomforts, and a validated list of adjectives was used to indicate the effect of therapy. At the end of the study, an overall 40.7% improvement in stress was noted, representing significant improvements of 17.4% in positive conditions and of 23.3% in negative conditions (both P<.001). In addition, decreases of 29% in the frequency of infections and of 91% in gastrointestinal discomforts, both established indicators of stress, were recorded. The preparation was well tolerated. This probiotic multivitamin is suitable for reducing stress or exhaustion, or both, as well as for improving the immune system, specifically gastrointestinal health.