1.
Influence of AIDS antiretroviral therapy on the growth pattern.
Golucci, APBS, Marson, FAL, Valente, MFF, Branco, MM, Prado, CC, Nogueira, RJN
Jornal de pediatria. 2019;(1):7-17
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus infection can result in the early impairment of anthropometric indicators in children and adolescents. However, combined antiretroviral therapy has improved, in addition to the immune response and viral infection, the weight and height development in infected individuals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of combined antiretroviral on the growth development of human immunodeficiency virus infected children and adolescents. SOURCE OF DATA A systematic review was performed. In the study, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) strategy was used as the eligibility criterion. The MEDLINE-PubMed and LILACS databases were searched using these descriptors: HIV, children, growth, antiretroviral therapy. The objective was defined by the population, intervention, comparison/control, and outcome (PICO) technique. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for study selection. SYNTHESIS OF DATA Of the 549 studies indexed in MEDLINE-PubMed and LILACS, 73 were read in full, and 44 were included in the review (33 showed a positive impact of combined antiretroviral therapy on weight/height development, ten on weight gain, and one on height gain in children and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus). However, the increase in growth was not enough to normalize the height of infected children when compared to children of the same age and gender without human immunodeficiency virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Combined antiretroviral therapy, which is known to play a role in the improvement of viral and immunological markers, may influence in the weight and height development in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The earlier the infection diagnosis and, concomitantly, of malnutrition and the start of combined antiretroviral therapy, the lower the growth impairment when compared to healthy children.
2.
Functional indicators for assessing zinc deficiency.
Fischer Walker, CL, Black, RE
Food and nutrition bulletin. 2007;(3 Suppl):S454-79
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for growth and proper immune function. There is currently no simple recommendation for the assessment of population-level zinc deficiency. Trials of zinc supplementation have shown positive effects of supplementation on clinical outcomes and growth. We reviewed the results of randomized trials of zinc supplementation and correlation studies that assessed infectious diseases, growth, and development outcomes among children under 5 years of age. The results indicate that zinc supplementation decreases the incidence and prevalence of diarrhea and pneumonia, but the use of trial data to make population-level estimates of zinc deficiency is not practical and is difficult to quantify. The data also indicate that zinc supplementation increases growth, especially among children who are stunted. Stunting rates are commonly estimated and can be used to estimate zinc deficiency. Previous recommendations suggest that stunting rates at or above 20% should be indicative of zinc deficiency among children under 5 years of age. This review provides additional data and analysis to support the current recommendation.
3.
Soy-based formulae and infant growth and development: a review.
Mendez, MA, Anthony, MS, Arab, L
The Journal of nutrition. 2002;(8):2127-30
Abstract
Soy-based infant formulae, initially developed for infants who were lactose intolerant or allergic to cow's milk-based formulae, now account for >25% of the infant formulae sold in the United States. Formulations have changed over the years to improve digestibility, the stability and availability of minerals, and protein quality. Recent concerns have been raised regarding the phytoestrogenic isoflavone content of soy-based formulae. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate various measures of infant health and development in clinical studies comparing modern soy-based formulae with other diets and to document areas in which further research seems warranted. Results suggest that modern soy-based formulae support normal growth and nutritional status in healthy term infants in y 1 of life. However, there are very limited data on sexual and reproductive development or outcomes such as immune function, visual acuity/cognitive development and thyroid function. Available data do not provide evidence of meaningful differences in timing of maturation, sexual development or fertility in adolescents or adults. Nonetheless, given evidence suggesting that early exposure to soy and/or isoflavones might have long-term effects, further research following infants fed soy-based formulae into adulthood is warranted.
4.
Identifying populations at risk of zinc deficiency: the use of supplementation trials.
Hotz, C, Brown, KH
Nutrition reviews. 2001;(3 Pt 1):80-4
Abstract
Zinc supplementation trials assessing the response of growth and immunity have assisted in identifying populations at risk of zinc deficiency and the factors that contribute. A recent trial in Ethiopia demonstrated a high risk of zinc deficiency among young children, particularly among those who were stunted.