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Bacterial Defense Systems against the Neutrophilic Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid.
Sultana, S, Foti, A, Dahl, JU
Infection and immunity. 2020;(7)
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Abstract
Neutrophils kill invading microbes and therefore represent the first line of defense of the innate immune response. Activated neutrophils assemble NADPH oxidase to convert substantial amounts of molecular oxygen into superoxide, which, after dismutation into peroxide, serves as the substrate for the generation of the potent antimicrobial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the phagosomal space. In this minireview, we explore the most recent insights into physiological consequences of HOCl stress. Not surprisingly, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved diverse posttranslational defense mechanisms to protect their proteins, the main targets of HOCl, from HOCl-mediated damage. We discuss the idea that oxidation of conserved cysteine residues and partial unfolding of its structure convert the heat shock protein Hsp33 into a highly active chaperone holdase that binds unfolded proteins and prevents their aggregation. We examine two novel members of the Escherichia coli chaperone holdase family, RidA and CnoX, whose thiol-independent activation mechanism differs from that of Hsp33 and requires N-chlorination of positively charged amino acids during HOCl exposure. Furthermore, we summarize the latest findings with respect to another bacterial defense strategy employed in response to HOCl stress, which involves the accumulation of the universally conserved biopolymer inorganic polyphosphate. We then discuss sophisticated adaptive strategies that bacteria have developed to enhance their survival during HOCl stress. Understanding bacterial defense and survival strategies against one of the most powerful neutrophilic oxidants may provide novel insights into treatment options that potentially compromise the ability of pathogens to resist HOCl stress and therefore may increase the efficacy of the innate immune response.
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Curcuminoids modulate pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance but not the immune response to heat shock protein 27 and oxidized LDL in obese individuals.
Sahebkar, A, Mohammadi, A, Atabati, A, Rahiman, S, Tavallaie, S, Iranshahi, M, Akhlaghi, S, Ferns, GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan, M
Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2013;(12):1883-8
Abstract
Curcuminoids have potentially important functional qualities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial, the effects of a curcuminoid supplement on serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and antibody titres to Hsp27 (anti-Hsp27) and oxLDL (anti-oxLDL) were investigated. Thirty obese individuals were randomized to receive either curcuminoids (1 g/day) or placebo for a period of 30 days. After a wash-out period of 2 weeks, subjects were crossed over to the alternate regimen for another 30 days. Serum PAB along with anti-Hsp27 and anti-oxLDL titres was measured at the beginning and at the end of each study period. There was no significant carry-over effect for any of the assessed parameters. Curcuminoid supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in PAB (pā=ā0.044). However, no significant change was observed in serum concentrations of anti-Hsp27 or anti-oxLDL (pā>ā0.05). These findings suggest that oral curcuminoids supplementation (1g/day) is effective in reducing oxidative stress burden, though this needs to be validated in larger study populations.
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Hydrogen peroxide activation of endothelial cell-associated MMPs during VCAM-1-dependent leukocyte migration.
Cook-Mills, JM
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 2006;(4):8-16
Abstract
Leukocyte migration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. Specificity for the site of leukocyte migration is determined by the combination and concentration of adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines in the microenvironment. Leukocytes bound at sites of extravasation migrate within minutes. We have focused on the function of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and have reported an active function for the endothelium during VCAM- 1-dependent leukocyte migration. VCAM-1 activates endothelial cell NADPH oxidase followed by the generation of 1 microM H2O2. This stimulates endothelial cell-associated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in minutes, consistent with the time for lymphocyte migration. The endothelial cell NADPH oxidase and endothelial cell MMP activities are required for VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration as determined by scavenging of ROS, by pharmacologic or antisense inhibition of NADPH oxidase and by pharmacologic inhibition of endothelial cell MMPs. Furthermore, antioxidants block VCAM-1 activation of MMPs. In vivo, administration of the antioxidant bilirubin blocks VCAM-1-dependent leukocyte migration into the lung in experimental asthma. In summary, endothelial cells are not simply a scaffold for leukocyte adhesion. Instead, endothelial cells have an active function during VCAM-1-dependent leukocyte transendothelial migration.
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[The superoxide theory of pathogenesis and therapy of immune disorders].
Lebedev, VV
Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2004;(2):34-40
Abstract
On the basis of the understanding that there are common development mechanisms for the inflammatory and immune reactions it was established that the activity of the oxidant-antioxidant system (OAS) correlates not only with a severity of the inflammatory reaction but also with a degree of immune disorders. Such disorders were studied in patients with endogenous uveitis and with cancer of the esophagus or uterine cervix, i.e. those nosological forms, which are normally accompanied by OAS decompensation, which comprised a lower activity of primary antioxidants (superoxides of dismutase, catalase, lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin etc.) in patients with pronounced immune disorders. Moreover, a lower content of secondary antioxidants, like vitamin A, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, was registered in the blood of patients with immune disorders. The suppression of the antioxidant system was concomitant with an essentially increased level of lipid peroxidation in all patients. Besides, it was noted that there were intensifying signs of immune disorders primarily observed during irradiation chemotherapy. In this context, a clear-cut correlation was established, in monitoring the body immune status, between degrees of free-radical formation and lipid peroxidation, on the one hand, and an activity of detoxication-system antioxidants, on the other hand,. The OAS correction by direct or indirect-action antioxidants normally improves the clinical course of immune impairments. The indirect-action antioxidants, e.g. synthetic regulatory peptide "Imunofan", induce the increasing activity of primary endogenous antioxidants. An activation of the detoxication antioxidant system, brings about, in such cases, a lower content of inflammation mediators, a recovery of cell-immunity indices and lower parameters of body auto-sensitization. Finally, the antioxidant system in patients with chronic inflammatory or oncological disorders, when recovered, ensures the correction of cell immunity and cuts the number of auto-immune reactions and of other immune disturbances.
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Reactive oxygen metabolites and prooxidant status in children with Down's syndrome.
Carratelli, M, Porcaro, L, Ruscica, M, De Simone, E, Bertelli, AA, Corsi, MM
International journal of clinical pharmacology research. 2001;(2):79-84
Abstract
Children with Down's syndrome suffer many diseases among which cardiovascular diseases, increased susceptibility to infections, leukemia, endocrine alterations, immune defects, nutritional disturbance and mental retardation have clinical relevance. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of Down's syndrome involves reactive oxygen species arising from a mutation in gene encoding, which disproportionately elevates superoxide dismutase activity. Reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated using two new spectrophotometric methods in a selected group of 40 children with Down's syndrome and in 20 apparently healthy children used as controls. Reactive oxygen species were significantly higher (p <0.05) in children with Down's syndrome than in controls: 452 (+/- 72) U.Carr vs. 270 (+/- 66) U.Carr respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher (p <0.05) in controls than in children with Down's syndrome: 380 (+/- 52) micromol hypochlorous acid (HCLO)/ml vs. 281 (+/- 33) micromol HCLO/ml, respectively. In fact, thiol groups (sulfhydryl) were significantly higher (p <0.05) in controls than in children with Down's syndrome: 644 (+/- 78) micromol/l vs. 462 (+/- 54) micromol/l, respectively Our data show how to simply measure chemical indices of oxidative status in serum samples from children with Down's syndrome. We determined the plasmatic activities of reactive oxygen metabolites and oxidative defense molecules. Accumulated macromolecular damage may be one of the causes of some of the abnormalities that are considered part of the syndrome. Therefore, children with Down's syndrome have to cope with a significant prooxidant environment. Oxidative stress causes alterations such as atherosclerosis, early aging, immunological default and neurologic disorders in Down's syndrome patients. The new test available for measuring reactive oxygen species in serum proved to be reliable and useful as an early marker of tissue damage.