-
1.
Polyphenols are potential nutritional adjuvants for targeting COVID-19.
El-Missiry, MA, Fekri, A, Kesar, LA, Othman, AI
Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2021;(6):2879-2889
Abstract
The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a dangerous pathogen that causes global health problems. It causes a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high morbidity and mortality rates. In SARS-Cov-2-infected patients, elevated oxidative stress and upsurge of inflammatory cytokines are the main pathophysiological events that contribute to the severity and progression of symptoms and death. The polyphenols are natural compounds abundant in fruits and vegetables that are characterized by their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols have potential as an intervention for preventing respiratory virus infection. The beneficial effects of polyphenols on COVID-19 might be due to multiple mechanisms. Polyphenols can strengthen the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defenses against viral infection. Targeting virus proteins and/or blocking cellular receptors are other plausible antiviral approaches to prevent the entry of the virus and its replication in the host cells. The results on the antiviral effects of various polyphenols, especially on SARS-CoV-2, are promising. The aim of this review is to clarify the role of polyphenols in strengthening antioxidant defenses and upregulating the immune systems of COVID-19 patients and to prevent replication and spreading of the virus.
-
2.
Polyphenols Modulating Effects of PD-L1/PD-1 Checkpoint and EMT-Mediated PD-L1 Overexpression in Breast Cancer.
Messeha, SS, Zarmouh, NO, Soliman, KFA
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Investigating dietary polyphenolic compounds as antitumor agents are rising due to the growing evidence of the close association between immunity and cancer. Cancer cells elude immune surveillance for enhancing their progression and metastasis utilizing various mechanisms. These mechanisms include the upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) cell phenotype activation. In addition to its role in stimulating normal embryonic development, EMT has been identified as a critical driver in various aspects of cancer pathology, including carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Furthermore, EMT conversion to another phenotype, Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET), is crucial in developing cancer metastasis. A central mechanism in the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in various cancer types is EMT signaling activation. In breast cancer (BC) cells, the upregulated level of PD-L1 has become a critical target in cancer therapy. Various signal transduction pathways are involved in EMT-mediated PD-L1 checkpoint overexpression. Three main groups are considered potential targets in EMT development; the effectors (E-cadherin and Vimentin), the regulators (Zeb, Twist, and Snail), and the inducers that include members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Meanwhile, the correlation between consuming flavonoid-rich food and the lower risk of cancers has been demonstrated. In BC, polyphenols were found to downregulate PD-L1 expression. This review highlights the effects of polyphenols on the EMT process by inhibiting mesenchymal proteins and upregulating the epithelial phenotype. This multifunctional mechanism could hold promises in the prevention and treating breast cancer.
-
3.
A polyphenol-rich dietary pattern improves intestinal permeability, evaluated as serum zonulin levels, in older subjects: The MaPLE randomised controlled trial.
Del Bo', C, Bernardi, S, Cherubini, A, Porrini, M, Gargari, G, Hidalgo-Liberona, N, González-Domínguez, R, Zamora-Ros, R, Peron, G, Marino, M, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(5):3006-3018
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM: Increased intestinal permeability (IP) can occur in older people and contribute to the activation of the immune system and inflammation. Dietary interventions may represent a potential strategy to reduce IP. In this regard, specific food bioactives such as polyphenols have been proposed as potential IP modulator due to their ability to affect several critical targets and pathways that control IP. The trial aimed to test the hypothesis that a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern can decrease serum zonulin levels, an IP surrogate marker involved in tight junction modulation, and can beneficially alter the intestinal microbiota, and IP-associated biochemical and clinical markers in older subjects. METHODS A randomised, controlled, cross-over intervention trial was performed. Sixty-six subjects (aged ≥ 60 y) with increased IP based on serum zonulin levels, were randomly allocated to one of the two arms of the intervention consisting of a control diet (C-diet) vs. a polyphenol-rich diet (PR-diet). Each intervention was 8-week long and separated by an 8-week wash out period. At the beginning and at the end of each intervention period, serum samples were collected for the quantification of zonulin and other biological markers. Faecal samples were also collected to investigate the intestinal microbial ecosystem. In addition, anthropometrical/physical/biochemical parameters and food intake were evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-one subjects successfully completed the intervention and a high compliance to the dietary protocols was demonstrated. Overall, polyphenol intake significantly increased from a mean of 812 mg/day in the C diet to 1391 mg/day in the PR-diet. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of treatment (p = 0.008) and treatment × time interaction (p = 0.025) on serum zonulin levels, which decreased after the 8-week PR-diet. In addition, a treatment × time interaction was observed showing a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.028) following the PR-diet, which was strongest in those not using antihypertensive drugs. A decrease in both diastolic (p = 0.043) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.042) was observed in women. Interestingly, a significant increase in fibre-fermenting and butyrate-producing bacteria such as the family Ruminococcaceae and members of the genus Faecalibacterium was observed following the PR intervention. The efficacy of this dietary intervention was greater in subjects with higher serum zonulin at baseline, who showed more pronounced alterations in the markers under study. Furthermore, zonulin reduction was also stronger among subjects with higher body mass index and with insulin resistance at baseline, thus demonstrating the close interplay between IP and metabolic features. CONCLUSIONS These data show, for the first time, that a PR-diet can reduce serum zonulin levels, an indirect marker of IP. In addition, PR-diet reduced blood pressure and increased fibre-fermenting and butyrate-producing bacteria. These findings may represent an initial breakthrough for further intervention studies evaluating possible dietary treatments for the management of IP, inflammation and gut function in different target populations. THIS STUDY WAS REGISTERED AT WWW.ISRCTN. ORG AS ISRCTN10214981.
-
4.
Grapevine as a Rich Source of Polyphenolic Compounds.
Šikuten, I, Štambuk, P, Andabaka, Ž, Tomaz, I, Marković, Z, Stupić, D, Maletić, E, Kontić, JK, Preiner, D
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;(23)
Abstract
Grapes are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Among the secondary metabolites, polyphenolic compounds are the most abundant in grape berries. Besides their important impacts on grape and wine quality, this class of compounds has beneficial effects on human health. Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols and phenolic acids can act as anti-inflammatory and anticancerogenic agents, and can modulate the immune system. In grape berries, polyphenols and phenolic acids can be located in the pericarp and seeds, but distribution differs considerably among these tissues. Although some classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids are under strict genetic control, the final content is highly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, soil, vineyard, and management. This review aims to present the main classes of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids in different berry tissues and grape varieties and special emphasis on their beneficial effect on human health.
-
5.
Mexican Traditional Plant-Foods: Polyphenols Bioavailability, Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Impact Human Health.
Mercado-Mercado, G, Blancas-Benítez, FJ, Zamora-Gasga, VM, Sáyago-Ayerdi, SG
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(32):3434-3456
Abstract
Functional foods have been used worldwide since ancient times, particularly, the prehispanic civilizations used several plants as medicinal foods. Nowadays, many Mexicans populations preserve their traditions and dietary patterns based on corn, beans, besides other endemic vegetables, mainly diverse varieties of chili, tomatoes and other plant-foods. It is well known that each species has a special complex mixture of bioactive compounds (BC) in which each component contributes to its overall bioactivity. These BC are plant metabolites that benefit human health by means of anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and antioxidant effects. However, it becomes bioactive at human body when these BC must undergo diverse intestinal transformations, due to the action of digestive enzymes, but also by the action of microbiota metabolism. Thus, the intestinal microbiota is the key factor in the mediation of the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. In fact, limited information is available, especially on dietary phytochemicals and metabolism in commonly available Mexican plant-foods. In this review, the bioaccesibility and bioavailability major BC from traditional Mexican plant-foods products and its potential health benefits will be discussed. Besides, we compile the scientific reports and the evidence of the impact of some Mexican plant-foods on the gut microbiota dynamic composition, specific microbial metabolites and its possible contributions to human health.
-
6.
Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review.
Duda-Chodak, A, Tarko, T, Satora, P, Sroka, P
European journal of nutrition. 2015;(3):325-41
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical compounds found within food. Bacterial metabolites are different from those that can be generated by human enzymes because bacterial processes occur under anaerobic conditions and are based mainly on reactions of reduction and/or hydrolysis. In most cases, bacterial metabolism reduces the activity of dietary compounds; however, sometimes a specific product of bacterial transformation exhibits enhanced properties. Studies on the metabolism of polyphenols by the intestinal microbiota are crucial for understanding the role of these compounds and their impact on our health. This review article presents possible pathways of polyphenol metabolism by intestinal bacteria and describes the diet-derived bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their potential impact on human health. Because the etiology of many diseases is largely correlated with the intestinal microbiome, a balance between the host immune system and the commensal gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining health. Diet-related and age-related changes in the human intestinal microbiome and their consequences are summarized in the paper.
-
7.
Orange juice and its major polyphenol hesperidin consumption do not induce immunomodulation in healthy well-nourished humans.
Perche, O, Vergnaud-Gauduchon, J, Morand, C, Dubray, C, Mazur, A, Vasson, MP
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2014;(1):130-5
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polyphenols exert a variety of biological properties, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antigenotoxic effects. In a randomized crossover study in healthy men, we investigated the effects of orange juice and its major polyphenolic compound hesperidin on a panel of immune cell functions, including cytokine secretion by leukocytes, lytic activity of NK cells, and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) burst by polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells (PMN). METHODS The protocol design was divided into three 4-week treatment periods separated by 3-week wash-out intervals, for total study duration of 18 weeks. During treatment periods, volunteers (n = 24) consumed daily 500 mL of orange juice, or an isocaloric control beverage with hesperidin (292 mg in a capsule), or of the same control beverage with a placebo. RESULTS Whatever the intake was, no variations were recorded on leukocyte subset distributions (PMN, B and T lymphocytes, NK cells and monocytes), ROS production by stimulated PMNs, lytic activity of NK cells or cytokine production capacity of leukocytes in well-nourished healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS We show that consumption within the usual daily intake range of orange juice and its major polyphenol hesperidin do not induce immunomodulation of cell immune function in healthy well-nourished humans.
-
8.
Multifunctional targets of dietary polyphenols in disease: a case for the chemokine network and energy metabolism.
Joven, J, Rull, A, Rodriguez-Gallego, E, Camps, J, Riera-Borrull, M, Hernández-Aguilera, A, Martin-Paredero, V, Segura-Carretero, A, Micol, V, Alonso-Villaverde, C, et al
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2013;:267-79
Abstract
Chronic, non-acute inflammation is behind conditions that represent most of the disease burden in humans and is clearly linked to immune and metabolic mechanisms. The convergence of pathways involving the immune response, oxidative stress, increased circulating lipids and aberrant insulin signaling results in CCL2-associated macrophage recruitment and altered energy metabolism. The CCL2/CCR2 pathway and the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are attractive therapeutic targets as a part of preventive management of disease. Several effects of polyphenols are useful in this scenario, including a reduction in the activities of cytokines and modulation of cellular metabolism through histone deacetylase inhibitors, AMPK activators, calorie-restriction mimetics or epigenetic regulators. Research is currently underway to develop orally active drugs with these effects, but it is convenient to examine more closely what we are eating. If a lack of relevance in terms of toxicity and substantial effectiveness are confirmed, plant-derived components may provide useful druggable components and dietary supplements. We consider therapeutic actions as a combination of synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions in a multi-target strategy. Hence, improvement in food through enrichment with polyphenols with demonstrated activity may represent a major advance in the design of diets with both industrial and sanitary value.
-
9.
Role of fatty acids and polyphenols in inflammatory gene transcription and their impact on obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
Sears, B, Ricordi, C
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2012;(9):1137-54
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes represent multi-factorial conditions resulting from improper balances of hormones and gene expression. In addition, these conditions have a strong inflammatory component that can potentially be impacted by the diet. The purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular targets that can be addressed by anti-inflammatory nutrition. These molecular targets range from reduction of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids that can alter hormonal signaling cascades to the modulation of the innate immune system, via toll-like receptors and gene transcription factors. Working knowledge of the impact of nutrients, especially dietary fatty acids and polyphenols, on these various molecular targets makes it possible to develop a general outline of an anti-inflammatory diet that offers a unique, non-pharmacological approach for treating obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
-
10.
Nonalcoholic beer reduces inflammation and incidence of respiratory tract illness.
Scherr, J, Nieman, DC, Schuster, T, Habermann, J, Rank, M, Braun, S, Pressler, A, Wolfarth, B, Halle, M
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2012;(1):18-26
Abstract
PURPOSE Strenuous exercise significantly increases the incidence of upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) caused by transient immune dysfunction. Naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds present in food such as nonalcoholic beer (NAB) have strong antioxidant, antipathogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties.The objective of this study was to determine whether ingestion of NAB polyphenols for 3 wk before and 2 wk after a marathon would attenuate postrace inflammation and decrease URTI incidence. METHODS Healthy male runners (N = 277, age = 42 ± 9 yr) were randomly assigned to 1-1.5 L · d(-1) of NAB or placebo (PL) beverage (double-blind design) for 3 wk before and 2 wk after the Munich Marathon. Blood samples were collected 4 and 1 wk before the race and immediately and 24 and 72 h after the race and analyzed for inflammation measures (interleukin-6 and total blood leukocyte counts). URTI rates, assessed by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey, were compared between groups during the 2-wk period after the race. RESULTS Change in interleukin-6 was significantly reduced in NAB compared with PL immediately after the race (median (interquartile range) = 23.9 (15.9-38.7) vs 31.6 (18.5-53.3) ng · L(-1), P = 0.03). Total blood leukocyte counts were also reduced in NAB versus PL by approximately 20% immediately and 24 h after the race (P = 0.02). Incidence of URTI was 3.25-fold lower (95% confidence interval = 1.38-7.66) (P = 0.007) in NAB compared with PL during the 2-wk postmarathon period. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of 1-1.5 L · d(-1) of NAB for 3 wk before and 2 wk after marathon competition reduces postrace inflammation and URTI incidence.