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Hypotheses about sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a risk factor for dying from COVID-19.
Stookey, JD, Allu, PKR, Chabas, D, Pearce, D, Lang, F
Medical hypotheses. 2020;:110237
Abstract
To address urgent need for strategies to limit mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this review describes experimental, clinical and epidemiological evidence that suggests that chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before infection might increase risk of COVID-19 mortality in multiple ways. Sub-optimal hydration is associated with key risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, including older age, male sex, race-ethnicity and chronic disease. Chronic hypertonicity, total body water deficit and/or hypovolemia cause multiple intracellular and/or physiologic adaptations that preferentially retain body water and favor positive total body water balance when challenged by infection. Via effects on serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) signaling, aldosterone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and/or Na+/K+-ATPase, chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before exposure to COVID-19 may conceivably result in: greater abundance of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lung, which increases likelihood of COVID-19 infection, lung epithelial cells which are pre-set for exaggerated immune response, increased capacity for capillary leakage of fluid into the airway space, and/or reduced capacity for both passive and active transport of fluid out of the airways. The hypothesized hydration effects suggest hypotheses regarding strategies for COVID-19 risk reduction, such as public health recommendations to increase intake of drinking water, hydration screening alongside COVID-19 testing, and treatment tailored to the pre-infection hydration condition. Hydration may link risk factors and pathways in a unified mechanism for COVID-19 mortality. Attention to hydration holds potential to reduce COVID-19 mortality and disparities via at least 5 pathways simultaneously.
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Effects of vitamin D supplementation on salivary immune responses during Marine Corps basic training.
Scott, JM, Kazman, JB, Palmer, J, McClung, JP, Gaffney-Stomberg, E, Gasier, HG
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2019;(9):1322-1330
Abstract
Vitamin D's role in regulating immune responses may increase during periods of elevated psychological and physiological stress. Due to the high demands placed on US Marine Corps recruits undergoing 12 weeks of basic military training, we hypothesized that vitamin D status would be related to markers of innate mucosal immunity, and daily vitamin D supplementation would augment immune responses during training. Males (n = 75) and females (n = 74) entering recruit basic training during the summer and winter volunteered to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects received either 1000 IU vitamin D3 + 2000 mg calcium/d (n = 73) or placebo (n = 76) for 12 weeks. Saliva samples were collected pre-training, during (weeks 4 and 8), and post-training (week 12) in order to determine salivary SIgA and cathelicidin (indices of mucosal immunity) and α-amylase (indicator of stress). Initial (baseline) and post-training serum 25(OH)D levels were measured. Results were as follows: serum 25(OH)D levels were 37% higher in recruits entering training in summer compared with winter. A positive relationship was observed between baseline 25(OH)D levels and SIgA secretion rates (-SR). When stress levels were high during summer training, baseline 25(OH)D levels contributed to an increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rates (SIgA-SR) and cathelicidin-SR, the latter only in males. Vitamin D supplementation contributed to the changes in SIgA-SR and cathelicidin-SR, specifically SIgA-SR was higher in the treatment group. These data highlight the importance of vitamin D and mucosal immune responses during arduous basic military training when stress levels are increased.
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Immunoglobulin A N-glycosylation Presents Important Body Fluid-specific Variations in Lactating Mothers.
Goonatilleke, E, Smilowitz, JT, Mariño, KV, German, BJ, Lebrilla, CB, Barboza, M
Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP. 2019;(11):2165-2177
Abstract
Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is central to mucosal immunity: represents one of the main immunological mechanisms of defense against the potential attack of pathogens. During lactation SIgA is produced by plasmablasts in the mammary gland and is present in breast milk, playing a vital role in the passive immunity of the newborn. Interestingly, the different components of SIgA are highly N-glycosylated, and these N-Glycans have an essential role in health maintenance. In this work, we performed a glycomic study to compare N-glycosylation of SIgA purified from mature breast milk and saliva, and plasma IgA from the same lactating participants. Our results revealed a greater diversity than previously reported, with 89 glycan compositions that may correspond to over 250 structures. Among these glycans, 54 glycan compositions were characterized as body-fluid specific. Most of these unique N-Glycan compositions identified in SIgA from mature milk and IgA from plasma were fucosylated and both fucosylated and sialylated species, whereas in salivary SIgA the unique structures were mainly undecorated complex N-Glycans. In addition, we evaluated the effect of delivery mode on (S)IgA glycosylation. Lactating participants who had given birth by vaginal delivery presented an increased proportion of high mannose and fucosylated glycans in salivary SIgA, and selected high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and both fucosylated and sialylated glycans in plasma IgA, indicating that the hormonal changes during vaginal delivery could affect plasma and saliva IgA. These results reveal the structural details that provide a new dimension to the roles of (S)IgA N-Glycans in different tissues, and especially in maternal and new-born protection and infant development. The design of optimal recombinant IgA molecules specifically targeted to protect mucosal surfaces will need to include this dimension of structural detail.
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Salivary immunity and lower respiratory tract infections in non-elite marathon runners.
Cantó, E, Roca, E, Perea, L, Rodrigo-Troyano, A, Suarez-Cuartin, G, Giner, J, Feliu, A, Soria, JM, Nescolarde, L, Vidal, S, et al
PloS one. 2018;(11):e0206059
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory infections are common after strenuous exercise, when salivary immunity may be altered. We aim to investigate changes in salivary immunity after a marathon and its relationship with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in healthy non-elite marathon runners. METHODS Forty seven healthy marathon runners (28 males and 19 females) who completed the 42.195 km of the 2016 Barcelona marathon were studied. Saliva and blood samples were collected the day before the marathon and two days after the end of the race. Salivary IgA, antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme) and chemokines (Groα, Groβ, MCP-1) were determined using ELISA kits in saliva supernatant. Blood biochemistry and haemogram were analyzed in all participants. The presence of LRTI was considered in those runners who reported infectious lower respiratory tract symptoms during a minimum of 3 consecutive days in the 2 weeks after the race. RESULTS Eight participants (17%) presented a LRTI during the 2 weeks of follow-up. Higher lysozyme levels were detected after the race in runners with LRTI when compared with those without infection. A decrease in salivary lysozyme, Groα and Groβ levels after the race were observed in those runners who did not develop a LRTI when compared to basal levels. Salivary Groα levels correlated with basophil blood counts, and salivary lysozyme levels correlated with leukocyte blood counts. CONCLUSIONS LRTI are common after a marathon race in non-elite healthy runners. Changes in salivary antimicrobial proteins and chemokines are related to the presence of LRTI and correlate with systemic defense cells, which suggest an important role of salivary immunity in the development of LRTI in non-elite marathon runners.
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[Saliva diagnostic in the research about human immune adaptation to study stress and to differrent water drinking behavior.].
Melnik, KN, Baisheva, GM, Gilmiyarova, FN, Alpatova, TA
Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika. 2018;(6):353-357
Abstract
85 healthy young people were participates of a randomized placebo controlled cross-over fashion. This study tested associations between different water drinking behavior, the condition of oral immune protection and stress factors over 3 months. We examined saliva IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, γ-IFN, α-amylase and compared them with stress-associated psychophysiological data. As a result of our study we made a saliva pretreatment plan for cytokines and amylase assays, also we tried to understand the strategy of mechanism associations between different water drinking behavior, the condition of oral immune protection and stress factors.
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Salivary diagnostic markers in males and females during rest and exercise.
Rutherfurd-Markwick, K, Starck, C, Dulson, DK, Ali, A
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;:27
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva is a useful diagnostic tool for analysis in sports, exercise and nutrition research, as collection is easy and non-invasive and it contains a large number of analytes affected by a range of physiological and pathological stressors and conditions. This study examined key salivary electrolytes and stress and immune markers in males and females at rest and during exercise. METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva from 20 healthy, recreationally active participants (8 males and 12 females) was analysed for flow rate, osmolality, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), α-amylase activity and cortisol during both rest and moderate intensity (70% peak power) cycling exercise in a randomised crossover design. Each trial lasted 60 min and sampling was carried out at 15 and 45 min after the start of the trial. Saliva was collected using the gold-standard drool method; participants were required to provide at least 1 mL sample over 2 or 3-min period. RESULTS Females showed a greater response to steady-state exercise stress than males, with significant increases in osmolality (P < 0.001), α-amylase activity (P = 0.001) and secretion rate (P = 0.023) and SIgA secretion rate (P = 0.023), with trends for an increase in K+ (P = 0.053) and decrease in Cl- (P = 0.067). There were no differences between rest and exercise for any salivary analytes in males. In addition, females showed a trend for higher levels of cortisol than males at both rest (P = 0.099) and exercise (P = 0.070), as well as a higher heart rate (P < 0.001) and greater ratings of perceived exertion (P < 0.001) during the exercise trial. The coordination of the two stress response pathways (α-amylase vs cortisol) was positive in males (r = 0.799; P = 0.017) yet negative in females (r = -0.475; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Males and females show a markedly different response to steady-state exercise stress as measured in unstimulated whole saliva.
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A study on the bioequivalence of lithium and valproate salivary and blood levels in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Murru, A, Torra, M, Callari, A, Pacchiarotti, I, Romero, S, Gonzalez de la Presa, B, Varo, C, Goikolea, JM, Pérez-Sola, V, Vieta, E, et al
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;(8):744-750
Abstract
Lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA) are used in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), with narrow therapeutic window requiring periodic control of serum levels. This prevents intoxication, lack of efficacy due to low serum concentrations, and allows monitoring adherence. We aimed at evaluating the bioequivalence of salivary and blood levels of LI or VPA in a sample of adult BD patients. Secondarily, lithium bioequivalence was evaluated across different patients' lifespans. BD patients treated with either Li or VPA underwent contemporary standard serum and salivary measurements. Blood levels of both drugs were taken according to standard procedures. Li salivary levels were performed by an adapted potentiometric method on the AVL9180 electrolyte analyzer. VPA salivary levels were taken with an immune-assay method with turbidimetric inhibition. A total of 50 patients (38 on Li, 12 on VPA) were enrolled. Blood-saliva bioequivalence for VPA was not found due to a high variability in salivary measures. Li measures resulted in a high correlation (r=0.767, p<0.001), showing no partial correlation with age (r=0.147, p=0.380). Li salivary test is a reliable method of measuring Li availability and is equivalent to serum levels. Potential advantages of Li salivary testing are its non-invasive nature and the possibility of doing the test during the usual appointment with the psychiatrist.