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[Sodium metabolism: An update in 2019].
Robert, A, Cheddani, L, Ebel, A, Vilaine, E, Seidowsky, A, Massy, Z, Essig, M
Nephrologie & therapeutique. 2020;(2):77-82
Abstract
The classical theory of sodium metabolism considers mostly its role on the extracellular volume according to a daily response to the variations of salt intake, correlated to the variations of water volume. Recent works consider sodium tissular storage. This non-osmotic pool could play a role in blood pressure regulation and in immunity mechanisms. The regulation modalities could be more complex, organised over the long term, with a modification of the sodium-water relationship. The aim of this article is to give a new insight on sodium metabolism, based on recent works, especially on the role and regulation of non osmotic tissular sodium.
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Sodium homeostasis in the tumour microenvironment.
Leslie, TK, James, AD, Zaccagna, F, Grist, JT, Deen, S, Kennerley, A, Riemer, F, Kaggie, JD, Gallagher, FA, Gilbert, FJ, et al
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer. 2019;(2):188304
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Abstract
The concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is raised in solid tumours and can be measured at the cellular, tissue and patient levels. At the cellular level, the Na+ gradient across the membrane powers the transport of H+ ions and essential nutrients for normal activity. The maintenance of the Na+ gradient requires a large proportion of the cell's ATP. Na+ is a major contributor to the osmolarity of the tumour microenvironment, which affects cell volume and metabolism as well as immune function. Here, we review evidence indicating that Na+ handling is altered in tumours, explore our current understanding of the mechanisms that may underlie these alterations and consider the potential consequences for cancer progression. Dysregulated Na+ balance in tumours may open opportunities for new imaging biomarkers and re-purposing of drugs for treatment.
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Sodium Metal Anodes: Emerging Solutions to Dendrite Growth.
Lee, B, Paek, E, Mitlin, D, Lee, SW
Chemical reviews. 2019;(8):5416-5460
Abstract
This comprehensive Review focuses on the key challenges and recent progress regarding sodium-metal anodes employed in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs). The metal anode is the essential component of emerging energy storage systems such as sodium sulfur and sodium selenium, which are discussed as example full-cell applications. We begin with a description of the differences in the chemical and physical properties of Na metal versus the oft-studied Li metal, and a corresponding discussion regarding the number of ways in which Na does not follow Li-inherited paradigms in its electrochemical behavior. We detail the major challenges for Na-metal systems that at this time limit the feasibility of SMBs. The core Na anode problems are the following interrelated degradation mechanisms: An unstable solid electrolyte interphase with most organic electrolytes, "mossy" and "lath-like" metal dendrite growth for liquid systems, poor Coulombic efficiency, and gas evolution. Even solid-state Na batteries are not immune, with metal dendrites being reported. The solutions may be subdivided into the following interrelated taxonomy: Improved electrolytes and electrolyte additives tailored for Na-metal anodes, interfacial engineering between the metal and the liquid or solid electrolyte, electrode architectures that both reduce the current density during plating-stripping and serve as effective hosts that shield the Na metal from excessive reactions, and alloy design to tune the bulk properties of the metal per se. For instance, stable plating-stripping of Na is extremely difficult with conventional carbonate solvents but has been reported with ethers and glymes. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) such as beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), sodium superionic conductor (NASICON), and sodium thiophosphate (75Na2S·25P2S5) present highly exciting opportunities for SMBs that avoid the dangers of flammable liquids. Even SSEs are not immune to dendrites, however, which grow through the defects in the bulk pellet, but may be controlled through interfacial energy modification. We conclude with a discussion of the key research areas that we feel are the most fruitful for further pursuit. In our opinion, greatly improved understanding and control of the SEI structure is the key to cycling stability. A holistic approach involving complementary post-mortem, in situ, and operando analyses to elucidate full battery cell level structure-performance relations is advocated.
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Effects of Sodium Restriction on Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Immune Indices During HIV Infection.
Srinivasa, S, Burdo, TH, Williams, KC, Mitten, EK, Wong, K, Fitch, KV, Stanley, T, Adler, GK, Grinspoon, SK
The Journal of infectious diseases. 2016;(9):1336-1340
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients demonstrate increased activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We evaluated changes in immune markers with physiological RAAS activation. METHODS Immune activation markers were assessed serially in 18 HIV-infected and 7 non-HIV-infected subjects consuming an ad libitum diet followed by a standardized low-sodium diet. RESULTS Levels of CCL-2 (P = .0004) and soluble CD163 (P = .0001) significantly increased with sodium restriction and RAAS activation, compared with levels in individuals with ad libitum sodium intake, among chronically treated HIV-infected subjects (mean duration of ART [±SEM], 11 ± 1 years), but not among non-HIV-infected subjects of similar age and sex. CONCLUSIONS Dietary sodium restriction, which activates RAAS, uniquely stimulates critical indices of immune activation during HIV infection. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01407237.