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Short-Term Tea Consumption Is Not Associated with a Reduction in Blood Lipids or Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Igho-Osagie, E, Cara, K, Wang, D, Yao, Q, Penkert, LP, Cassidy, A, Ferruzzi, M, Jacques, PF, Johnson, EJ, Chung, M, et al
The Journal of nutrition. 2020;(12):3269-3279
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent systematic review of epidemiological evidence suggests that higher amounts of tea intake are associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. OBJECTIVES Our study objective was to assess mechanisms by which tea consumption may influence CVD risks. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of green and/or black tea consumption (≥4 wk) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) in healthy populations and among at-risk adults (analyzed separately) with metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to rate the strength of evidence (SoE). RESULTS A total of 14 unique RCTs which randomly assigned 798 participants to either green tea, black tea, or placebo controls were included in our analyses. Intervention durations ranged from 4 to 24 wk (mean: 7.4 wk). Individual studies were judged as moderate to high quality based on risk of bias assessments. SoE was low to moderate owing to low sample sizes and insufficient power for most included studies to observe changes in the measured CVD biomarkers. Meta-analyses showed no significant effects of tea consumption on SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG in healthy and at-risk adults (i.e., adults with obesity, prediabetes, borderline hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome). CONCLUSIONS Short-term (4-24 wk) tea consumption does not appear to significantly affect blood pressure or lipids in healthy or at-risk adults, although the evidence is limited by insufficient power to detect changes in these CVD biomarkers. High-quality RCTs with longer durations and sufficient sample sizes are needed to fully elucidate the effects of tea. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020134513.
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Physical Activity and Incident Heart Failure in High-Risk Subgroups: The ARIC Study.
Florido, R, Kwak, L, Lazo, M, Michos, ED, Nambi, V, Blumenthal, RS, Gerstenblith, G, Palta, P, Russell, SD, Ballantyne, CM, et al
Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;(10):e014885
Abstract
Background Greater physical activity (PA) is associated with lower heart failure (HF) risk. However, it is unclear whether this inverse association exists across all subgroups at high risk for HF, particularly among those with preexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results We followed 13 810 ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study participants (mean age 55 years, 54% women, 26% black) without HF at baseline (visit 1; 1987-1989). PA was assessed using a modified Baecke questionnaire and categorized according to American Heart Association guidelines: recommended, intermediate, or poor. We constructed Cox models to estimate associations between PA categories and incident HF within each high-risk subgroup at baseline, with tests for interaction. We performed additional analyses modeling incident coronary heart disease as a time-varying covariate. Over a median of 26 years of follow-up, there were 2994 HF events. Compared with poor PA, recommended PA was associated with lower HF risk among participants with hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome (all P<0.01), but not among those with prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.74-1.13 [P interaction=0.02]). Recommended PA was associated with lower risk of incident coronary heart disease (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.86), but not with lower HF risk in those with interim coronary heart disease events (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.78-1.04 [P interaction=0.04]). Conclusions PA was associated with decreased HF risk in patients with hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Despite a myriad of benefits in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, PA may have weaker associations with HF prevention after ischemic disease is established.
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Advanced glycation end products derived from serum albumin modification by glucose (AGE-1) reflect clustering of lipid-associated metabolic abnormalities and are decreased in patients treated with acarbose: A cross-sectional study.
Bronowicka-Szydełko, A, Krzystek-Korpacka, M, Kuzan, A, Gostomska-Pampuch, K, Gacka, M, Jakobsche-Policht, U, Adamiec, R, Gamian, A
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University. 2020;(3):275-284
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed during protein modification by a reduction of sugars or reactive aldehydes. Depending on the pathology, various AGEs may be formed. They are stable compounds and are considered as potential diseases markers. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess glucose-mediated albumin modification that yields non-standard epitopes of AGEs (AGE-1) in diabetes and in associated metabolic abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The AGE-1, expressed as median AGE-1 level and AGE-1 positivity, was determined in 246 individuals (198 with prediabetes/diabetes) using a new slot-dot-blot method (allowing for detection of barely traceable analytes) and related to the presence of diabetes-associated metabolic abnormalities and complications, and treatment. RESULTS The AGE-1 level was higher in patients with prediabetes/diabetes than in controls. Its elevation was associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, hyperlipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but not with diabetic control or microand macroangiopathy, except for atherosclerotic plaques formation in carotid arteries. The AGE-1-positive patients had higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. In patients untreated with aspirin, AGE-1 positivity was associated with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Treatment with aspirin, sulfonylureas and gliptins was associated with higher AGE-1 level and with dyslipidemia medications with higher AGE-1 positivity. In patients with abnormal glucose metabolism, acarbose treatment was associated with lower AGE-1 positivity. Multivariate analysis showed MetS, carotid artery plaques, NAFLD, and treatment with aspirin and acarbose to be independently associated with AGE-1 positivity. CONCLUSIONS Unlike standard AGEs, AGE-1 is more tightly associated with abnormalities in lipid than glucose metabolism, and lower in patients treated with acarbose but not with other antidiabetics.
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Extraglycemic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Review of the Evidence.
Bonora, BM, Avogaro, A, Fadini, GP
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy. 2020;:161-174
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are often overweight/obese and affected by arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and have high serum levels of uric acid. Moreover, T2D patient have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular or renal complications, which are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this population. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new class of glucose-lowering medications that block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, thereby increasing urinary glucose excretion, and lowering blood glucose levels. The beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition extend beyond glycaemic control, and include improvement in blood pressure, body weight, uric acid concentrations, liver steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In dedicated cardiovascular outcome trials, SGLT2i treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events and renal endpoints. In this review, we summarize the evidence for extra-glycemic effects of SGLT2i and the potential mechanisms driving cardiorenal protection exerted by this class of medications.
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Testosterone treatment longer than 1 year shows more effects on functional hypogonadism and related metabolic, vascular, diabetic and obesity parameters (results of the 2-year clinical trial).
Groti Antonič, K, Antonič, B, Žuran, I, Pfeifer, M
The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male. 2020;(5):1442-1454
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated long-term effects of testosterone undecanoate on glycemic control, metabolic syndrome, vascular function and morphology in obese men with functional hypogonadism (FH) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a 2-year prospective clinical trial. METHODS A total of 55 participants were enrolled in this study; group P (n = 27) received placebo during first and testosterone therapy (TTh) during second year, group T (n = 28) received TTh both years. We pooled results after 1 year of TTh to obtain more statistical power. Results for group T after 2 years of TTh are also presented. We evaluated wide assortment of biochemical (fasting plasma glucose-FPG, glycated hemoglobin-HbA1c and lipid profile), hormonal, vascular (flow-mediated dilatation-FMD and intima-media thickness-IMT), anthropometrical and derived parameters (BMI, HOMA-IR, non-HDL cholesterol, bioavailable and calculated free testosterone). Quality of life was assessed using Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) questionnaire. RESULTS FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and IMT decreased, FMD increased, lipid profile and AMS sexual sub-score improved, and testosterone levels fully normalized after 2 years of TTh. CONCLUSIONS Two-year of TTh resulted in normalized serum testosterone levels, improved glycemia, endothelial function, lipids and insulin sensitivity, and quelled the symptoms of hypogonadism, potentially reducing cardiovascular risk in obese men with FH and T2D.
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Hyperuricemia: a novel old disorder-relationship and potential mechanisms in heart failure.
Borghi, C, Palazzuoli, A, Landolfo, M, Cosentino, E
Heart failure reviews. 2020;(1):43-51
Abstract
Uric acid, the metabolic mediator of gout and urate renal stones, is associated with increased cardiovascular risk burden. Hyperuricemia is an old emerging metabolic disorder, and interaction among uric acid and cardiovascular diseases has been clearly described. Several illness including hypertension, myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure, are related with uric acid levels increase. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of hyperuricemia and describe the biological plausibility for this metabolite to participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. In particular, we will focus on the implications of hyperuricemia in the onset and progression of heart failure, paying special attention to the pathophysiology and the possible clinical implications. We will conclude by discussing the effects of lowering plasma uric acid concentration on the prognosis of heart failure by reviewing most of available data on the different classes of drugs directly or indirectly involved in the hyperuricemia management.
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Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty.
Tamura, Y, Omura, T, Toyoshima, K, Araki, A
Nutrients. 2020;(11)
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of older adults with diabetes has become a major social burden. Diabetes, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction are closely related to the mechanisms of aging. Insulin resistance, arteriosclerosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be common mechanisms shared by frailty and cognitive impairment. Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, obesity, vascular factors, physical inactivity, and malnutrition are important risk factors for cognitive impairment and frailty in older adults with diabetes. The impact of nutrients on health outcomes varies with age; thus, shifting diet therapy strategies from the treatment of obesity/metabolic syndrome to frailty prevention may be necessary in patients with diabetes who are over 75 years of age, have frailty or sarcopenia, and experience malnutrition. For the prevention of frailty, optimal energy intake, sufficient protein and vitamin intake, and healthy dietary patterns should be recommended. The treatment of diabetes after middle age should include the awareness of proper glycemic control aimed at extending healthy life expectancy with proper nutrition, exercise, and social connectivity. Nutritional therapy in combination with exercise, optimal glycemic and metabolic control, and social participation/support for frailty prevention can extend healthy life expectancy and maintain quality of life in older adults with diabetes mellitus.
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Characterization and Treatment of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Adipose Tissue.
Lu, Z, Li, Y, Song, J
Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy. 2020;:3449-3460
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the largest energy storage and protection organ. It is distributed subcutaneously and around the internal organs. It regulates metabolism by storing and releasing fatty acids and secreting adipokines. Excessive nutritional intake results in adipocyte hypertrophy and proliferation, leading to local hypoxia in adipose tissue and changes in the release of adipokines. These lead to recruit of more immune cells into adipose tissue and release of inflammatory signaling factors. Excess free fatty acids and inflammatory factors interfere with intracellular insulin signaling. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of obese adipose tissue and analyze how its inflammation causes insulin resistance. We further discuss the latest clinical research progress on the control of insulin resistance and inflammation resulting from obesity through anti-inflammatory therapy and bariatric surgery. Our review shows that targeted anti-inflammatory therapy is of great significance for obese patients with insulin resistance.
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Pharmacological Management of Glucose Dysregulation in Patients Treated with Second-Generation Antipsychotics.
Cernea, S, Dima, L, Correll, CU, Manu, P
Drugs. 2020;(17):1763-1781
Abstract
Fasting hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, prediabetes, and diabetes are frequently present in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAPs) for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other severe mental illnesses. These drugs are known to produce weight gain, which may lead to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and metabolic syndrome, which constitute important risk factors for the emergence of diabetes. The aim of this review was to formulate therapeutic guidelines for the management of diabetes in patients treated with SGAPs, based on the association between SGAP-induced weight gain and glucose dysregulation. A systematic search in PubMed from inception to March 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of diabetes or prediabetes in patients treated with SGAPs was performed. PubMed was also searched for the most recent clinical practice guidelines of interventions for co-morbid conditions associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia), lifestyle interventions and switching from high metabolic liability SGAPs to safer SGAPs. The search identified 14 RCTs in patients treated with SGAPs. Drug therapy using metformin as first-line therapy and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) or perhaps sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors as add-on therapy, might be preferred in these patients as well, as they favorably influence glucose metabolism and body mass index, and provide cardio-renal benefits in general to the DM population, although for the SGLT-2 inhibitors there are no RCTs in this specific patient category so far. Metformin is also useful for treatment of prediabetes. Arterial hypertension should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, and statins should be used for correction of dyslipidemia. The outcome of lifestyle-changing interventions has been disappointing. Switching from clozapine, olanzapine, or quetiapine to lower cardiometabolic-risk SGAPs, like aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, lurasidone, or ziprasidone, has been recommended.
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Mindfulnes-Based Stress Reduction for Older Couples with Metabolic Syndrome: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
Monin, JK, Sperduto, CM, Manigault, AW, Dutton, A, Ali, A, Clark, MS, Jastreboff, AM
Mindfulness. 2020;(4):917-927
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the feasibility and explored the physical, psychological, relational, and biological effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), an 8-week standardized mindfulness program, involving older married couples (60 years or older) with metabolic syndrome (one or both partners had metabolic syndrome). We also explored gender differences. METHODS A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared MBSR to a Wait List Control (WLC) arm at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up clinic visits. Twenty-two spouses (11 couples) self-reported stress, physical and mental functioning, mindfulness, and relationship satisfaction at each time point. Fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference were measured. MBSR couples answered questions about partner influences on participation, adherence, and practice at the post-intervention visit. RESULTS In terms of adherence to MBSR sessions, four of the six couples attended all 10 sessions; one couple attended 7; and one wife attended 6 and her husband attended 5 sessions. In terms of efficacy, there were no significant intervention effects; however, there were significant gender by intervention effects. Pre- to post-intervention, MBSR wives displayed greater increases in physical functioning (β = 1.18, t(36) = 3.17, p = .003) and relationship satisfaction (β = .72, t(36) = 2.81, p = .007) than WLC wives. Effects for husbands were not significant. Qualitatively, participants reported encouragement and increased relationship closeness. CONCLUSIONS Engaging in MBSR as a couple to address symptoms of metabolic syndrome was well-received and feasible. Preliminary effects suggest more benefits for wives than husbands in terms of physical functioning and relational well-being.
