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Effects of cashew nut consumption on body composition and glycemic indices: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Jamshidi, S, Moradi, Y, Nameni, G, Mohsenpour, MA, Vafa, M
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2021;(2):605-613
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Present meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to synthesis a definitive conclusion from previous randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS A comprehensive search was done up to July 2020, in order to extract RCTs which investigated the effect of cashew nut on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate effect size. Meta regression analysis was done to identify probable sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Six clinical trials with 521 participants were included. Combined effect sizes demonstrated no effect of cashew consumption on weight (WMD): 0.02, 95% CI: -1.04, 1.09, P > 0.05), BMI (WMD: 0.1, 95% CI: -0.72, 0.74, P > 0.05), and WC (WMD: -0.13, 95% CI: -1.97, 1.70, P > 0.05). Results were also not significant for FBS (WMD: 3.58, 95% CI: -3.92, 11.08, P > 0.05), insulin (WMD: -0.19, 95% CI: -1.63, 1.25, P > 0.05), and HOMA-IR (WMD: 0.25, 95% CI: -0.55, 1.06, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The sum up, incorporating cashew into the diet has no significant effect on body composition or modifying glycemic indices.
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Effects of probiotic yogurt on glycemic indexes and endothelial dysfunction markers in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Rezazadeh, L, Gargari, BP, Jafarabadi, MA, Alipour, B
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:162-168
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between gut microflora and metabolic syndrome components such as obesity, low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, dyslipidemia, and altered glucose metabolism is now acknowledged. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of probiotic yogurt on glycemic indexes and endothelial dysfunction markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 44 patients with metabolic syndrome (22 men and 22 women), who were 20 to 65 y of age. The patients were assigned to either a treatment or control group and consumed 300g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or a regular yogurt for 2 mo, respectively. Each group contained 22 participants. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin was performed to derive homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (Quicki), and HOMA of β-cell function (HOMA- β). In addition, markers of vascular cell adhesion molecule cell (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule cell (ICAM)-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were measured to evaluate endothelial function at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS Consumption of probiotic yogurt resulted in a significant reduction in the level of blood glucose and VCAM-1. Significant changes in PAI-1, VCAM-1, insulin, HOMA-IR, and Quicki were observed in the probiotic yogurt group after intervention compared with baseline. CONCLUSION Consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and partly modified serum endothelial function markers. These results suggest that regular intake of probiotic yogurt may exert positive effects on the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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3.
The Effect of Low Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Diets on Hepatic Fat Mass, Insulin Resistance, and Blood Lipid Panels in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Parker, A, Kim, Y
Metabolic syndrome and related disorders. 2019;(8):389-396
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease that is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. There is evidence to suggest that a low glycemic index (GI) diet can reduce glucose absorption, hepatic influx of glucose, and de novo lipogenesis. This review investigates the effect of low GI and glycemic load (GL) diets on hepatic fat mass, hepatic enzymes, insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose levels, and blood lipid panels in individuals with NAFLD. PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science were used in literature search. Search keywords included "glycemic index," "glycaemic index," "glycemic load," "glycaemic load," "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," "NAFLD," "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis," and "NASH." Outcome measurements included hepatic fat mass, hepatic enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT), insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], fasting blood glucose levels, and/or blood lipid panels. Four eligible studies enrolling 281 individuals with NAFLD were included. Both hepatic fat mass and ALT showed significant reductions from baseline in both low GI and GL diets. One study showed no change, and another study showed significant reductions in HOMA-IR. No significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was observed from baseline in both low GI and GL diets. Findings from the review suggest that low GI and GL diets may reduce hepatic fat mass and ALT in individuals with NAFLD. Future research of large-scale, randomized controlled studies using isoenergetic, low GI and GL diets for long term is needed to draw conclusionary results.
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The impact of testosterone replacement therapy on glycemic control, vascular function, and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes.
Groti, K, Žuran, I, Antonič, B, Foršnarič, L, Pfeifer, M
The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male. 2018;(3):158-169
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study set out to assess effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on parameters of metabolic syndrome and vascular function in obese hypogonadal males with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). STUDY DESIGN Fifty-five obese hypogonadal diabetic males on oral hypoglycemic treatment were enrolled into this one-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Group T (n = 28) was treated with testosterone undecanoate (1000 mg i.m. every 10 weeks) while group P (n = 27) received placebo. METHODS Anthropometrical and vascular measurements - flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and intima media thickness (IMT) - biochemical and hormonal blood sample analyses were performed at the start of the study and after one year. Derived parameters (BMI, HOMA-IR, calculated free testosterone (cFT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT)) were calculated. RESULTS TRT resulted in reduction of HOMA-IR by 4.64 ± 4.25 (p < .001), HbA1c by 0.94 ± 0.88% points (p < .001), and an increase in FMD by 2.40 ± 4.16% points (p = .005). CONCLUSION TRT normalized serum testosterone levels, improved glycemic control and endothelial function while exerting no ill effects on the study population.
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The impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognition: evidence across the lifespan.
Sünram-Lea, SI, Owen, L
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2017;(4):466-477
Abstract
The brain has a high metabolic rate and its metabolism is almost entirely restricted to oxidative utilisation of glucose. These factors emphasise the extreme dependence of neural tissue on a stable and adequate supply of glucose. Whereas initially it was thought that only glucose deprivation (i.e. under hypoglycaemic conditions) can affect brain function, it has become apparent that low-level fluctuations in central availability can affect neural and consequently, cognitive performance. In the present paper the impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognitive processes across the lifespan will be reviewed. The data suggest that although an acute rise in blood glucose levels has some short-term improvements of cognitive function, a more stable blood glucose profile, which avoids greater peaks and troughs in circulating glucose is associated with better cognitive function and a lower risk of cognitive impairments in the longer term. Therefore, a habitual diet that secures optimal glucose delivery to the brain in the fed and fasting states should be most advantageous for the maintenance of cognitive function. Although the evidence to date is promising, it is insufficient to allow firm and evidence-based nutritional recommendations. The rise in obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in recent years highlights the need for targeted dietary and lifestyle strategies to promote healthy lifestyle and brain function across the lifespan and for future generations. Consequently, there is an urgent need for hypothesis-driven, randomised controlled trials that evaluate the role of different glycaemic manipulations on cognition.
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Pregnancy outcome and glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes: a retrospective comparison between CSII and MDI treatment.
Talaviya, PA, Saboo, BD, Joshi, SR, Padhiyar, JN, Chandarana, HK, Shah, SJ, Vyas, CK, Shah, AN
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2013;(2):68-71
Abstract
AIM: Present study was aimed to evaluate glycemic control and maternal-fetal outcome in pregnant type 1 diabetic patient treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections of insulin (MDI). PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective observational study included thirty-four pregnant type 1 diabetic patients. Patients were divided into two group, CSII treated group (n=14) and MDI treated group (n=20). The HbA1c level and maternal-fetal outcome were evaluated in both the treatment group. Outcome parameters such as glycemic control (HbA1c), hypoglycemic events, time and mode of delivery and labor results (abortion, premature labor, perinatal mortality, neonatal weight, Apgar score, neonatal hypoglycaemia, presence of congenital abnormalities) were analyzed. RESULTS Pregnancy outcome and glycemic control in pregnant type 1 diabetic patients treated with CSII and MDI were evaluated and compared. Two groups were compared for their epidemiological parameters, although patients on CSII treatment had longer duration of diabetes compared to MDI treated group. Reduction in HbA1c level was higher in CSII treated patients at first (CSII: 0.9% vs MDI: 0.46%), second (CSII: 1.58% vs MDI: 0.78%) and third trimester (CSII: 1.74% vs MDI: 1.09%) of pregnancy compared to MDI treated patients. Duration of pregnancy and new born baby weight were founded similar in both group. Moreover, the rate of abortion, preterm labor, cesarean section and hypoglycemia in new born were founded less in CSII treated group compared to MDI treated group and Apgar score was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CSII treated group compared to MDI treated group. CONCLUSION Results of present study revealed that the CSII gives better glycemic control and pregnancy outcome in pregnant type 1 diabetic patients compared to MDI treatment. CSII also decreases the daily insulin requirement compared MDI.
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7.
Periodontal disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: associations with glycemic control and complications: an Indian perspective.
Ajita, M, Karan, P, Vivek, G, S, MA, Anuj, M
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2013;(2):61-3
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the frequency of periodontal disease in a group of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with diabetic metabolic control, duration and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparison was made of periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding index, pocket depth and attachment loss) in a group of diabetic patients versus a group of non-diabetics (n=20). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between periodontal parameters and degree of metabolic control, the duration of the disease and the appearance of complications. RESULTS Diabetics had greater bleeding index (p<0.001), probing pocket depth (p<0.001) and clinical attachment level (p=0.001). Patients diagnosed for diabetes for shorter duration of time (4-7 years) showed bleeding index-disease severity correlation to be 1.760 ± 0.434. CONCLUSION Patients with type 1 diabetes have increased periodontal disease susceptibility. Periodontal inflammation is greatly increased in subjects with longer disease course, poor metabolic control and diabetic complications.
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Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.
Malin, SK, Niemi, N, Solomon, TP, Haus, JM, Kelly, KR, Filion, J, Rocco, M, Kashyap, SR, Barkoukis, H, Kirwan, JP
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2012;(2):135-41
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of combining carbohydrate quality with exercise on metabolic syndrome risk is unclear. Thus, we determined the effects of exercise training with a low (LoGIx)- or high (HiGIx)-glycemic index diet on the severity of the metabolic syndrome (Z-score). METHODS Twenty-one adults (66.2±1.1 years; BMI=35.3±0.9 kg/m2) with the metabolic syndrome were randomized to 12 weeks of exercise (60 min/day for 5 days/week at about 85% HRmax) and provided a LoGIx (n=11) or HiGIx (n=10) diet. Z-scores were determined from: blood pressure, triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and waist circumference (WC) before and after the intervention. Body composition, aerobic fitness, insulin resistance, and nonesterfied fatty acid (NEFA) suppression were also assessed. RESULTS LoGIx and HiGIx diets decreased body mass and insulin resistance and increased aerobic fitness comparably (p<0.05). LoGIx and HiGIx diets decreased the Z-score similarly as each intervention decreased blood pressure, TGs, FPG and WC (p<0.05). The HiGIx diet tended to suppress NEFA during insulin stimulation compared with the LoGIx diet (p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that exercise with weight loss reduces the severity of the metabolic syndrome whether individuals were randomized to a HiGIx or a LoGIx diet.
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Soy inclusion in the diet improves features of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover study in postmenopausal women.
Azadbakht, L, Kimiagar, M, Mehrabi, Y, Esmaillzadeh, A, Padyab, M, Hu, FB, Willett, WC
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2007;(3):735-41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Little evidence exists regarding the effects of soy consumption on the metabolic syndrome in humans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effects of soy consumption on components of the metabolic syndrome, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, insulin resistance, and glycemic control in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN This randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in 42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a control diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH), a soy-protein diet, or a soy-nut diet, each for 8 wk. Red meat in the DASH period was replaced by soy-protein in the soy-protein period and by soy-nut in the soy-nut period. RESULTS The soy-nut regimen decreased the homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance score significantly compared with the soy-protein (difference in percentage change: -7.4 +/- 0.8; P < 0.01) or control (-12.9 +/- 0.9; P < 0.01) diets. Consumption of soy-nut also reduced fasting plasma glucose more significantly than did the soy-protein (-5.3 +/- 0.5%; P < 0.01) or control (-5.1 +/- 0.6%; P < 0.01) diet. The soy-nut regimen decreased LDL cholesterol more than did the soy-protein period (-5.0 +/- 0.6%; P < 0.01) and the control (-9.5 +/- 0.6%; P < 0.01) diet. Soy-nut consumption significantly reduced serum C-peptide concentrations compared with control diet (-8.0 +/- 2.1; P < 0.01), but consumption of soy-protein did not. CONCLUSION Short-term soy-nut consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome.