-
1.
Associations of Serum Magnesium With Insulin Resistance and Testosterone in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Luo, X, Cai, WY, Ma, HL, Cong, J, Chang, H, Gao, JS, Shen, WJ, Wang, Y, Yang, XM, Wu, XK
Frontiers in endocrinology. 2021;:683040
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aimed to investigate whether serum magnesium is associated with insulin resistance index and testosterone level in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall 1000 women with PCOS were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and a cross-sectional analysis of the association of serum magnesium with glucose metabolism markers and testosterone was performed. Serum magnesium, glucose metabolism markers and testosterone were measured. Insulin resistance was evaluated by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between serum magnesium, insulin resistance and testosterone. RESULTS In comparative analyses, women with higher quartile of serum magnesium had significantly lower fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and testosterone. Multiple linear regression showed serum magnesium was independently negatively associated with insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, testosterone and positively associated with QUICKI (P for trend <0.05) after adjusting confounding covariates. Logistic regression showed serum magnesium in quartile 1 and 2 were independently associated with insulin resistance status (Quartile 1: OR: 2.15, 95%CI: 1.35-3.40, P = 0.001; Quartile 2: OR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.20-3.02, P = 0.006), while quartile 1 was marginally associated with hyperandrogenemia status (Quartile 1: OR: 1.45, 95%CI: 0.99-2.11, P = 0.055) after adjusting confounding covariates. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that lower serum magnesium was associated with aggravated insulin resistance and higher testosterone levels among women with PCOS.
-
2.
The Dietary Approach to the Treatment of the Rare Genetic Tubulopathies Gitelman's and Bartter's Syndromes.
Francini, F, Gobbi, L, Ravarotto, V, Toniazzo, S, Nalesso, F, Spinella, P, Calò, LA
Nutrients. 2021;(9)
Abstract
Gitelman's (GS) and Bartter's (BS) syndromes are rare, inherited autosomal recessive tubulopathies characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, renal sodium, chloride, and potassium and magnesium-wasting. While the treatment based on potassium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium supplementation in addition to other pharmacologic options are widely established, recommendations about the dietary approach to GS and BS still remain generic. In this review we focus on the dietary strategies to increase sodium, potassium, and magnesium intake in GS and BS patients. Potassium and magnesium-rich foods and supplements are considered together with those that may reduce through different mechanisms the potassium and magnesium plasma level. Magnesium supplementation is often poorly tolerated, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea in most patients. New formulations using liposome and, in particular, sucrosomial technology have been recently proposed for magnesium supplementation in order to increase magnesium supplement tolerability and intestinal absorption. The dietary approach to GS and BS may be very important in the therapeutic approach to these syndromes. Due to the relevance of the dietary approach to these syndromes, a nutritional counseling should always be recommended and the nutritionist should join nephrologists in the follow-up of GS and BS patient care.
-
3.
Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review.
Găman, MA, Dobrică, EC, Cozma, MA, Antonie, NI, Stănescu, AMA, Găman, AM, Diaconu, CC
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.
-
4.
The Association between Excess Body Mass and Disturbances in Somatic Mineral Levels.
Banach, W, Nitschke, K, Krajewska, N, Mongiałło, W, Matuszak, O, Muszyński, J, Skrypnik, D
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(19)
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and excess body weight are significant epidemiological issues, not only because they are costly to treat, but also because they are among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, an estimated 40% of the global population was overweight, reflecting the importance of the issue. Obesity is linked to metabolism malfunction and concomitantly with altered mineral levels in the body. In this paper, we review alterations in somatic levels of iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, iodine, chromium, selenium, and zinc in relation to excess body mass. METHODOLOGY An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed. Our search covered original English research articles published over the past five years, culminating in 63 papers included for study. RESULTS The reviewed papers presented correlation between obesity and hypomagnesemia and hypozincemia. They also indicated that patients with excess body mass present increased body copper levels. Studies have similarly indicated that obesity appears to be associated with lower selenium levels in both blood and urine, which may be correlated with the decline and weakening of defenses against oxidative stress. It has been found that decreased level of chromium is connected with metabolic syndrome. Chromium supplementation influences body mass, but the effect of the supplementation depends on the chemical form of the chromium. It is hypothesized that obesity poses a risk of iodine deficiency and iodine absorption may be disrupted by increased fat intake in obese women. A range of studies have suggested that obesity is correlated with iron deficiency. On the other hand, some reports have indicated that excess body mass may coexist with iron excess. The relation between obesity and body iron level requires further investigation. Calcium signaling seems to be disturbed in obesity, due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species and low level of fast troponin isoform responsible for mediating calcium sensitivity of muscle relaxation. Correlation between excess body mass and calcium levels needs further research. CONCLUSIONS Excess body mass is associated with alterations in mineral levels in the body, in particular hypomagnesemia and decreased selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) levels. Chromium (Cr) deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome. Obese patients are at risk of iodine deficiency. Excess body mass is associated with elevated levels of copper (Cu). Data on the association between obesity and iron (Fe) levels are contradictory. Obesity coexists with disturbed calcium (Ca) signaling pathways. The association between obesity and body Ca levels has not been investigated in detail.
-
5.
Status of Serum Copper, Magnesium, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Kanafchian, M, Esmaeilzadeh, S, Mahjoub, S, Rahsepar, M, Ghasemi, M
Biological trace element research. 2020;(1):111-117
Abstract
This study evaluates serum copper and magnesium and total antioxidant capacity levels in PCOS patients. In this regard, the probable association of copper and magnesium with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was investigated. In total, 150 women (60 PCOS patients and 90 healthy subjects) participated in this case-control study. PCOS was diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria (2003). Serum Cu, Mg, Ca, TAC, insulin levels, and insulin resistance indices were determined. Insulin was measured using ELISA methods. Serum Cu and Mg levels were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the Xylidyl Blue method respectively. The correlations between the parameters were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. Serum Cu level was significantly higher while TAC was significantly lower in the PCOS patients than those in the controls (p = 0.019 and p = 0.002 respectively). No significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of serum Mg and Ca levels and Ca/Mg ratio. In insulin-resistant PCOS subjects, there was a negative correlation between Mg levels and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (r = - 0.449, p = 0.006) but a positive correlation between Mg levels and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = 0.480, p = 0.003). A negative correlation also existed between Mg levels and TAC in non-insulin-resistant PCOS patients (r = - 0.407, p = 0.04). According to the results, copper and magnesium seem to contribute to oxidative stress and insulin resistance in PCOS patients. Therefore, to prevent long-term metabolic complications in PCOS women, it is recommended that these elements be routinely monitored. Also, significantly lower levels of serum TAC in PCOS patients than in normal women may suggest increased oxidative stress in such patients.
-
6.
[Pathogenetic aspects of magnesium deficiency in connective tissue dysplasia syndrome].
Kytko, OV, Dydykina, IS, Sankova, MV, Kryuchko, PV, Chilikov, VV
Voprosy pitaniia. 2020;(5):35-43
Abstract
The problem of connective tissue dysplasia is currently becoming particularly relevant because of significant increase of individuals with characteristic abnormalities in the structure of connective tissue. The lack of some micronutrients, arising during ontogenesis in the organism, can determine a high risk of worsening connective tissue homeostasis. Recently, the decisive role of magnesium deficiency in the progression of this disease has been demonstrated. The aim of the study was to substantiate the need for magnesium diet therapy in individuals with connective tissue dysplasia basing on the study of the pathogenetic significance of magnesium deficiency in this pathology. Material and methods. The electronic resources of the portals PubMed-NCBI, MEDLINE, the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka and the Google Academy were used. Results and discussion. The analysis of the obtained data made it possible to identify fundamentally new provisions on the main mechanisms of the magnesium influence on the metabolic state of all components of connective tissue. It was proved that magnesium deficiency is a predictor of worsening connective tissue homeostasis, increasing in the number of dysplastic symptoms and their severity. This pathogenetically justifies prescribing a balanced diet to patients with connective tissue dysplasia, including products rich in magnesium, taking into account its recommended daily intake, depending on age of patients. Conclusion. Adequate daily intake of magnesium will increase the mechanical properties and functionality of the connective tissue, and should be recommended for patients with connective tissue dysplasia to prevent the development of complications, maintain the quality of life and improve the prognosis for this disease.
-
7.
Association between reduced serum levels of magnesium and the presence of poor glycemic control and complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Rodrigues, AK, Melo, AE, Domingueti, CP
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2020;(2):127-134
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between reduced serum magnesium levels and poor glycemic control and/or complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The articles were selected using the Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo databases. Eligibility criteria were cross-sectional, cohort or case-control observational studies that assessed the association between reduced magnesium levels and poor glycemic control and/or complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Nine articles were included in the systematic review and two in the meta-analysis, all articles being cross-sectional. Among the seven studies that were designed to evaluate glycemic control, five showed an association between reduced levels of magnesium and poor glycemic control, and these findings were corroborated by the meta-analysis. Among the two studies in which dyslipidemia was evaluated, both showed higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with lower levels of magnesium as compared to those with higher magnesium levels. The three studies that evaluated diabetes kidney disease and the two studies that evaluated diabetic retinopathy found divergent results. CONCLUSION There is an association between reduced levels of magnesium and poor glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, however, this needs further studies.
-
8.
The Effects of Magnesium and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Hormonal Status and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Shokrpour, M, Asemi, Z
Biological trace element research. 2019;(1):54-60
Abstract
Synergistic approach of magnesium and vitamin E may benefit clinical symptoms of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through improving their metabolic profiles and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This study was designed to determine the effects of magnesium and vitamin E co-supplementation on hormonal status and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 women with PCOS, aged 18-40 years old. Participants were randomly divided into two groups to take 250 mg/day magnesium plus 400 mg/day vitamin E supplements or placebo (n = 30 each group) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after the 12-week intervention to quantify related variables. Magnesium and vitamin E co-supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in hirsutism (β - 0.37; 95% CI, - 0.70, - 0.05; P = 0.02) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β - 0.67 mg/L; 95% CI, - 1.20, - 0.14; P = 0.01), and a significant increase in plasma nitric oxide (NO) (β 3.40 μmol/L; 95% CI, 1.46, 5.35; P = 0.001) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (β 66.32 mmol/L; 95% CI, 43.80, 88.84; P < 0.001). Overall, magnesium and vitamin E co-supplementation for 12 weeks may benefit women with PCOS on hirsutism, serum hs-CRP, plasma NO, and TAC levels. Clinical trial registration number http://www.irct.ir : IRCT2017082733941N8.
-
9.
Oral Magnesium Supplementation and Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
Rodríguez-Morán, M, Simental-Mendía, LE, Gamboa-Gómez, CI, Guerrero-Romero, F
Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2018;(3):261-266
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the improvement of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. This is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that enrolled 198 individuals with MetS and hypomagnesemia who were randomly allocated to receive either 30 mL of magnesium chloride 5% solution, equivalent to 382 mg of elemental magnesium (n = 100), or placebo solution (n = 98), daily for 16 weeks. Serum magnesium levels <1.8 mg/dL defined hypomagnesemia. At final conditions, a total of 48 (48%) and 76 (77.5%) individuals had MetS in the magnesium and placebo groups (P = 0.01), respectively. At baseline, percent of individuals with 3, 4, and 5 criteria of MetS in the magnesium group were 60.0%, 37.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, and in the control group 55.1%, 35.7%, and 9.2%, respectively. Between basal and final conditions, changes in the components of MetS were significantly higher in the magnesium than placebo groups: -3.6 ± 3.3 mmHg, P = 0.001 for systolic blood pressure; -5.5 ± 1.7 mmHg, P = 0.005 for diastolic blood pressure; -12.4 ± 3.6 mg/dL, P < 0.005 for fasting glucose; -61.2 ± 24 mg/dL, P = 0.003 for triglycerides; and 0.9 ± 0.4 mg/dL, P = 0.06 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Magnesium supplementation improves MetS by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.
-
10.
Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.
Uwitonze, AM, Razzaque, MS
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2018;(3):181-189
Abstract
Nutrients usually act in a coordinated manner in the body. Intestinal absorption and subsequent metabolism of a particular nutrient, to a certain extent, is dependent on the availability of other nutrients. Magnesium and vitamin D are 2 essential nutrients that are necessary for the physiologic functions of various organs. Magnesium assists in the activation of vitamin D, which helps regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis to influence the growth and maintenance of bones. All of the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D seem to require magnesium, which acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic reactions in the liver and kidneys. Deficiency in either of these nutrients is reported to be associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. It is therefore essential to ensure that the recommended amount of magnesium is consumed to obtain the optimal benefits of vitamin D.