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Muscular Fitness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.
Rodrigues de Lima, T, Custódio Martins, P, Henrique Guerra, P, Augusto Santos Silva, D
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2020;(8):2394-2406
Abstract
Rodrigues de Lima, T, Custódio Martins, P, Henrique Guerra, P, and Augusto Santos Silva, D. Muscular fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2394-2406, 2020-The purpose of this study was to identify and summarize the relationships between muscular fitness (MF) and individual components of metabolic syndrome (high waist circumference [WC], high blood pressure [BP], high systolic BP [SBP], high diastolic BP [DBP], high triglycerides [TG], fasting blood glucose [FG], and low HDL cholesterol levels [HDL-C]) in children and adolescents. A systematic review was conducted in 5 electronic databases, with complementary searches in reference lists, and the inclusion criteria were children and adolescents (age group up to 19 years of age) with no special clinical conditions. In all articles, risk of bias was analyzed by a standardized instrument. Of the 5,973 articles initially identified, 21 were included, with data on 22,261 children and adolescents. Higher MF values were associated with lower TG (n = 07) and WC values (n = 15). Different results in relation to the relationship between MF and SBP (n = 10) and MF and DBP (n = 07) were verified. In addition, there was no relationship between MF and FG (n = 06). In addition, inconclusive results were verified in the relationship between MF and HDL-C (n = 07). Concluded higher MF values were related to lower WC values and lower TG concentrations.
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An epigenetic score for BMI based on DNA methylation correlates with poor physical health and major disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort.
Hamilton, OKL, Zhang, Q, McRae, AF, Walker, RM, Morris, SW, Redmond, P, Campbell, A, Murray, AD, Porteous, DJ, Evans, KL, et al
International journal of obesity (2005). 2019;(9):1795-1802
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between obesity and adverse health is well established, but little is known about the contribution of DNA methylation to obesity-related health outcomes. This study tests associations between an epigenetic score for body mass index (BMI) and health-related, cognitive, psychosocial and lifestyle outcomes in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. This study also tests whether these associations are independent of phenotypic BMI. METHOD Analyses were conducted using data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 892). Weights for the epigenetic BMI score were derived using penalised regression on methylation data from unrelated Generation Scotland participants (n = 2562). Associations were tested for replication in an independent sample: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (n = 433). RESULTS A higher epigenetic BMI score was associated with higher BMI (R2 = 0.1), greater body weight (R2 = 0.06), greater time taken to walk 6 m, poorer lung function and poorer general physical health (all R2 = 0.02), greater levels of triglycerides (R2 = 0.09), greater %total HbA1c (R2 = 0.06), lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL; R2 = 0.08), higher HDL ratio (HDL/total cholesterol; R2 = 0.03), lower health-related quality of life, physical inactivity, and greater social deprivation (all R2 = 0.02). The epigenetic BMI score (per SD) was also associated with type 2 diabetes (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.67, 2.84), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.24, 1.71) and high blood pressure (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.13, 1.49; all p < 0.00026 after Bonferroni correction). Associations were replicated for BMI (R2 = 0.06), body weight (R2 = 0.04), health-related quality of life (R2 = 0.02), HbA1c (R2 = 0.07) and triglycerides (R2 = 0.07; all p < 0.0045 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSIONS We observed and replicated associations between an epigenetic score for BMI and variables related to poor physical health and metabolic syndrome. Regression models with both epigenetic and phenotypic BMI scores as predictors accounted for a greater proportion of variance in all outcome variables than either predictor alone, demonstrating independent and additive effects of epigenetic and phenotypic BMI scores.
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Effectiveness of a physical activity program on weight, physical fitness, occupational stress, job satisfaction and quality of life of overweight employees in high-tech industries: a randomized controlled study.
Fang, YY, Huang, CY, Hsu, MC
International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE. 2019;(4):621-629
Abstract
Introduction. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a physical activity (PA) program on weight control, physical fitness, occupational stress, job satisfaction and quality of life of overweight and sedentary employees in high-tech industries. Methods. Participants in the intervention group (n = 37) were instructed to carry out a PA program at moderate intensity for 60 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Those in the control group (n = 38) received no PA program and were asked to continue their routine lifestyle. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results of structured questionnaires and blood biochemistry tests and evaluations of physical fitness were analyzed. Results. The PA program effectively reduced the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome and body fat percentage, and improved physical fitness such as flexibility, muscular strength and endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance. The intervention also significantly decreased levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Significant positive effects on work control, interpersonal relationships at work, global job satisfaction and quality of life were also demonstrated. Conclusion. This study showed that a PA program can be helpful in improving physical, physiological and psychological outcomes for overweight and sedentary employees in high-tech industries.
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The high prevalence of poor physical health and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in individuals with severe mental illness.
Scott, D, Happell, B
Issues in mental health nursing. 2011;(9):589-97
Abstract
Recent mental health care policy has addressed the need for health care professionals to consider the physical health of consumers. Mental health nurses are particularly well-placed for this role. To provide mental health nurses with practical information, this narrative review summarises evidence from recent research on the physical health of individuals with Serious Mental Illness (SMI). In those with SMI, the international prevalence of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, symptoms of cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease all exceed that of the general population by at least two times, and HIV prevalence may be increased by as much as eight times. This increased prevalence of chronic disease may be largely responsible for an increased risk of death of up to five times, resulting in as much as 30 years of potential life lost. Of particular concern, the recent evidence suggests that for physical health and increased mortality, the gap between individuals with SMI and the general population is worsening. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours undoubtedly play a role in the development of poor physical health and chronic disease, and the present review indicates that low physical activity, poor diet, smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, and risky sexual behaviour are common in individuals with SMI. This narrative review demonstrates that the prevalence of poor physical health and health behaviours in people with SMI far exceed that observed in the general population, and reinforces the urgent need for mental health nurses to address physical health concerns in patients.
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Low cardio/respiratory fitness as an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome in Korean young men.
Lee, J, Kim, SU, Kang, HS
European journal of applied physiology. 2010;(4):633-9
Abstract
Little information is available regarding the relationship between cardio/respiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic risk factors in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) across CRF levels in young Korean men. In a cross-sectional study, we examined 909 Korean young men (mean age 24.0 +/- 2 years) who were apparently healthy, free of any diagnosed chronic diseases, not taking any medications, and who had completed all the requested measurements. Body composition, resting blood pressures, and fasting blood levels of lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured with our standardized laboratory protocols. CRF was quantified as the maximum volume of minute oxygen uptake measured during a graded treadmill test. Group analyses showed that men with moderate to high CRF levels had more favorable profiles in terms of body composition, resting blood pressures, mean values in fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin as well as the homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance than men with a low CRF level. After adjusting for age, smoking, and percent body fat, the low and moderate CRF groups had odds of 4.64 (95% CI 2.00-10.79) and 2.57 (95% CI 1.04-6.34) respectively for having the MS compared to the high CRF group. These findings suggest that low CRF is positively and independently associated with the MS in Korean young men.
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Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review.
Ruiz, JR, Castro-Piñero, J, Artero, EG, Ortega, FB, Sjöström, M, Suni, J, Castillo, MJ
British journal of sports medicine. 2009;(12):909-23
Abstract
The objective of the present systematic review was to investigate whether physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, events and syndromes, quality of life and low back pain later in life. Physical fitness-related components were: cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, motor fitness and body composition. Adiposity was considered as both exposure and outcome. The results of 42 studies reporting the predictive validity of health-related physical fitness for CVD risk factors, events and syndromes as well as the results of five studies reporting the predictive validity of physical fitness for low back pain in children and adolescents were summarised. Strong evidence was found indicating that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence are associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life. Muscular strength improvements from childhood to adolescence are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity. A healthier body composition in childhood and adolescence is associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile later in life and with a lower risk of death. The evidence was moderate for the association between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and CVD risk factors, and between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness. Moderate evidence on the lack of a relationship between body composition and low back pain was found. Due to a limited number of studies, inconclusive evidence emerged for a relationship between muscular strength or motor fitness and CVD risk factors, and between flexibility and low back pain.
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Combined influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8-18 year old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.
Eisenmann, JC, Welk, GJ, Wickel, EE, Blair, SN
International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2007;(2):66-72
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors across four cross-tabulated groups of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index in 8- to 18-year-old children and adolescents. METHODS The sample included 296 boys and 188 girls (mean age=15.7 years) participating in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Participants were cross tabulated into four groups using a median split of age-adjusted treadmill time to exhaustion (TM) and body mass index (BMI). Group differences in CVD risk factors (blood pressure [BP], fasting total cholesterol [TC], low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], TC:HDL-C, triglycerides [TG], glucose, and a metabolic syndrome score) were examined by ANCOVA, controlling for age. RESULTS In males, significant differences across groups were observed for systolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), TC, LDL-C, TC:HDL-C and the metabolic syndrome score (p<0.05). In females, only TG was significantly different across groups (p<0.05). A trend for significance was also observed for DBP and TG in males (p=0.09 to 0.11) and diastolic BP, MAP, HDL-C, and the metabolic syndrome score in females (p=0.14 to 0.16). In general, males and females in the low BMI group, either fit or unfit, had lower BP and blood lipid values than those in the high BMI group. In both sexes, the high BMI/low fit group had the highest (most adverse) metabolic syndrome score. CONCLUSION This study utilized a unique approach to examine the possible interaction of fitness and fatness on CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. The results provide some evidence for the consideration of both variables when interpreting CVD risk factors in young people.
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Short-term effects of a non-dieting lifestyle intervention program on weight management, fitness, metabolic risk, and psychological well-being in obese premenopausal females with the metabolic syndrome.
Carroll, S, Borkoles, E, Polman, R
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2007;(1):125-42
Abstract
Lifestyle modification has been widely acknowledged as the primary treatment for the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the short-term effects of a non-dieting lifestyle intervention program, within the theoretical psychological framework of self-determination theory (SDT), on metabolic fitness and psychological well-being among premenopausal, clinically obese women. A secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled, 3 month, intensive, community-based lifestyle intervention study was performed on 31 pre-menopausal obese women with the MetS (56.4% of original study sample). These participants had been randomly allocated to a non-dieting lifestyle intervention group (n = 17) or waiting list control (n = 14). Among participants who completed repeat anthropometric and cardiorespiratory fitness measurements after 3 months intervention, the lifestyle intervention group showed a significant improvement in VO2 (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) compared with control (test for interaction, p = 0.003). No significant difference was found for body mass. Metabolic improvements were evident for diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both groups. The lifestyle intervention group also showed significantly improved general psychological well-being compared with the control group (test for interaction, p = 0.0005). All of the psychological well-being subscales showed significant favourable changes in the intervention group as compared with controls. This short-term, non-dieting lifestyle intervention, consistent with the "Health at Every Size" (HAES) obesity treatment paradigm, significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and psychological well-being. Metabolic risk tended to improve after 3 months intervention with no significant difference in the resolution of the MetS between intervention and control participants.
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[The significance of regular physical exercise for health and well-being].
Neumann, NU, Frasch, K
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2007;(45):2387-91
Abstract
The health behaviour prevailing in our western world (lack of exercise, unhealthy diet, overweight, coping with stress) can be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases as well as for mental disorders (especially with depressive symptoms), which both are among the most frequent and most expensive diseases. Depressive disorders and metabolic syndromes exhibit some pathophysiological similarities and are mutually interrelated - a fact that induces multiple effects of corresponding prophylactic and therapeutic interventions: Regular physical activity in terms of aerobic dynamic endurance whose neurobiological effects will be communicated in this paper has the potential of reducing depression and stress, of increasing stress tolerance, of improving cardiovascular health, and, eventually, of protecting against the risks of dementia. In times of scarce financial resources the lack of emphasis on physical exercise as an important and inexpensive preventive measure is really surprising.
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Evolution and variability in fitness test performance of Asian children and adolescents.
Macfarlane, DJ, Tomkinson, GR
Medicine and sport science. 2007;:143-167
Abstract
Although Asia represents well over half of the world's population, the comparative lack of resources and infrastructure in many of these countries is likely to have contributed to only sporadic data being available to examine secular changes and geographical variability in the fitness test performances of Asian children and adolescents. Given the concerns that currently exist in the development of childhood obesity including, in many Asian countries, knowledge on the secular changes in nutrition and physical fitness and activity would seem germane to developing proactive public health strategies. The aim of this study therefore was to summarize existing literature reporting explicitly on secular changes in the fitness test performance of Asian children and adolescents, and where possible, comment on the geographical variability of such performances. Using a meta-analytical strategy, this study summarizes the secular changes in power, speed and cardiovascular endurance test performance of over 23.5 million 6- to 19-year-olds from seven Asian countries, tested between 1917 and 2003. In addition, it summarizes the geographic variability in fitness test performance of Asian children and adolescents within, and outside of, Asia. There has been very little change in the power and speed test performances of Asian children and adolescents in recent decades, yet alarmingly, there have been consistent declines in cardiovascular endurance fitness performance across all studied Asian nations over the past 10-15 years. Given the association between cardiovascular endurance fitness and numerous degenerative conditions (e.g. diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome), recent declines in cardiovascular endurance fitness performance of Asian children and adolescents should be an issue of major concern for public health authorities throughout Asia.