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1.
Gender differences in the modifiable risk factors associated with the presence of prediabetes: A systematic review.
Siddiqui, S, Zainal, H, Harun, SN, Sheikh Ghadzi, SM, Ghafoor, S
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2020;(5):1243-1252
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes is a risk state for the future development of type 2 diabetes. Previously, it was evident that the risk factors for diabetes differ by gender. However, conclusive evidence regarding the gender difference in modifiable risk factors associated with the presence of pre-diabetes is still lacking. AIMS To systematically identify and summarize the available literature on whether the modifiable risk factors associated with prediabetes displays similar relationship in both the genders. METHODS A systematic search was performed on electronic databases i.e. PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Scopus using "sex", "gender", "modifiable risk factors" and "prediabetes" as keywords. Reference list from identified studies was used to augment the search strategy. Methodological quality and results from individual studies were summarized in tables. RESULTS Gender differences in the risk factor association were observed among reviewed studies. Overall, reported association between risk factors and prediabetes apparently stronger among men. In particular, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking and alcohol drinking habits were risk factors that showed prominent association among men. Hypertension and poor diet quality may appear to be stronger among women. General obesity showed stringent hold, while physical activity not significantly associated with the risk of prediabetes in both the genders. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests the existence of gender differences in risk factors associated with prediabetes, demands future researchers to analyze data separately based on gender. The consideration and the implementation of gender differences in health policies and in diabetes prevention programs may improve the quality of care and reduce number of diabetes prevalence among prediabetic subjects.
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2.
Increased cardiovascular risk and reduced quality of life are highly prevalent among individuals with hepatitis C.
McPherson, S, Gosrani, S, Hogg, S, Patel, P, Wetten, A, Welton, R, Hallsworth, K, Campbell, M
BMJ open gastroenterology. 2020;(1)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common. Although treatment is effective, with oral antivirals curing >95% of patients, most individuals have comorbidities that persist long term. Therefore, our aim was to determine the prevalence of potentially modifiable health problems in patients with HCV and develop an HCV care bundle to identify and target comorbidities. DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational single-centre study that recruited consecutive patients with HCV from our viral hepatitis clinics. Data were collected on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, lifestyle behaviours, anthropometry and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). QRISK 3 was used to predict 10-year CV event risk. RESULTS 100 patients were recruited (67% male, 93% white, median age 52 years (range 24-80); 71% were treated for HCV; 34% had cirrhosis; 14% had diabetes; 61% had hypertension; 31% had metabolic syndrome; and 54% were smokers). The median 10-year CV event risk was 8.3% (range 0.3%-63%). 45% had a predicted 10-year CV event risk of >10%. Only 10% of individuals were treated with statins and 27% with antihypertensives. 92% had a predicted 'heart age' greater than their chronological age (median difference +7 (-4 to +26) years). HRQoL was reduced in all SF36v2 domains in the cohort. Factors independently associated with HRQoL included cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, history of mental health disorder, sedentary behaviour and HCV viraemia. CONCLUSION A large proportion of patients with HCV presented with increased risk of CV events, and rates of smoking and sedentary behaviour were high, while prescribing of primary prophylaxis was infrequent. HRQoL was also reduced in the cohort. A 'care bundle' was developed to provide a structured approach to treating potentially modifiable health problems.
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3.
The ticking time bomb in lifestyle-related diseases among women in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries; review of systematic reviews.
Alshaikh, MK, Filippidis, FT, Al-Omar, HA, Rawaf, S, Majeed, A, Salmasi, AM
BMC public health. 2017;(1):536
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to review all published systematic reviews on the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among women from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC). This is the first review of other systematic reviews that concentrates on lifestyle related diseases among women in GCC countries only. METHOD Literature searches were carried out in three electronic databases for all published systematic reviews on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the GCC countries between January 2000 and February 2016. RESULTS Eleven systematic reviews were identified and selected for our review. Common reported risk factors for cardiovascular disease were obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In GCC countries, obesity among the female population ranges from 29 to 45.7%, which is one of the highest rates globally, and it is linked with physical inactivity, ranging from 45 to 98.7%. The prevalence of diabetes is listed as one of the top ten factors globally, and was reported with an average of 21%. Hypertension ranged from 20.9 to 53%. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases among women population in GCC is a ticking time bomb and is reaching alarming levels, and require a fundamental social and political changes. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive work among the GCC to strengthen the regulatory framework to decrease and control the prevalence of these factors.
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4.
Longer Duration and Earlier Age of Onset of Paternal Betel Chewing and Smoking Increase Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Human Offspring, Independently, in a Community-Based Screening Program in Taiwan.
Yen, AM, Boucher, BJ, Chiu, SY, Fann, JC, Chen, SL, Huang, KC, Chen, HH
Circulation. 2016;(5):392-404
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenerational effects of paternal Areca catechu nut chewing on offspring metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in humans, on obesity and diabetes mellitus experimentally, and of paternal smoking on offspring obesity, are reported, likely attributable to genetic and epigenetic effects previously reported in betel-associated disease. We aimed to determine the effects of paternal smoking, and betel chewing, on the risks of early MetS in human offspring. METHODS The 13 179 parent-child trios identified from 238 364 Taiwanese aged ≥20 years screened at 2 community-based integrated screening sessions were tested for the effects of paternal smoking, areca nut chewing, and their duration prefatherhood on age of detecting offspring MetS at screen by using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS Offspring MetS risks increased with prefatherhood paternal areca nutusage (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.53) versus nonchewing fathers (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.67-6.43) with >10 years paternal betel chewing, 1.62 (95% CI, 0.88-2.96) for 5 to 9 years, and 1.42 (95% CI, 0.80-2.54) for <5 years betel usage prefatherhood (Ptrend=0.0002), with increased risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.26-3.04) for paternal areca nut usage from 20 to 29 years of age, versus from >30 years of age (adjusted hazard ratio,1.61; 95% CI, 0.22-11.69). MetS offspring risk for paternal smoking increased dosewise (Ptrend<0.0001) with earlier age of onset (Ptrend=0.0009), independently. CONCLUSIONS Longer duration of paternal betel quid chewing and smoking, prefatherhood, independently predicted early occurrence of incident MetS in offspring, corroborating previously reported transgenerational effects of these habits, and supporting the need for habit-cessation program provision.
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5.
Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review.
Banderali, G, Martelli, A, Landi, M, Moretti, F, Betti, F, Radaelli, G, Lassandro, C, Verduci, E
Journal of translational medicine. 2015;:327
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on conception, pregnancy, fetal, and child health. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current evidence regarding short and long-term health effects on child health of parental smoking during pregnancy and lactation and the potential underlying mechanisms. Studies were searched on MEDLINE(®) and Cochrane database inserting, individually and using the Boolean ANDs and ORs, 'pregnancy', 'human lactation', 'fetal growth', 'metabolic outcomes', 'obesity', 'cardiovascular outcomes', 'blood pressure', 'brain development', 'respiratory outcomes', 'maternal or paternal or parental tobacco smoking', 'nicotine'. Publications coming from the reference list of studies were also considered from MEDLINE. All sources were retrieved between 2015-01-03 and 2015-31-05. There is overall consistency in literature about negative effects of fetal and postnatal exposure to parental tobacco smoking on several outcomes: preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, impaired lung function, asthma and wheezing. While maternal smoking during pregnancy plays a major role on adverse postnatal outcomes, it may also cumulate negatively with smoking during lactation and with second-hand smoking exposure. Although this review was not strictly designed as a systematic review and the PRISMA Statement was not fully applied it may benefit the reader with a promptly and friendly readable update of the matter. This review strengthens the need to plan population health policies aimed to implement educational programs to hopefully minimize tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and lactation.
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6.
[Effects of tobacco smoke on fetus and children].
Noda, T
Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine. 2013;(3):454-8
Abstract
What is caused on fetus and children by parental smoking? Parental smoking, especially maternal smoking cause oral cleft which makes baby difficult to suck milk. It causes not only respiratory illness such as asthma bronchialis but also fire accident or burn by child abuse. These things decrease quality of life of children. Low birth weight caused by parental smoking is the major risk factor of lifestyle-related diseases, according to DOHaD hypothesis. Moreover, parental smoking drive children active smokers. If children start to smoke, they will get bad lifestyle led to metabolic syndrome. So it is important not to make children start the first smoking.
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7.
Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome.
Cena, H, Fonte, ML, Turconi, G
Nutrition reviews. 2011;(12):745-53
Abstract
Obesity and smoking are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The diseases and conditions associated with smoking make tobacco use one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the World Health Organization European region, overweight and obesity are responsible for many chronic diseases, causing more than one million deaths each year. Smoking cessation is associated with a significantly reduced mortality risk in every body-mass-index group. Reductions in smoking and obesity would increase both the psychophysical well-being of the population and its economic productivity; it would also reduce the direct costs of pharmacological therapies and other forms of treatment. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate how tobacco smoking and obesity interact to reduce life expectancy, and to offer a comprehensive view of this issue that should be useful for clinical practice.
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8.
[Smoking and schizophrenia: epidemiological and clinical features].
Dervaux, A, Laqueille, X
L'Encephale. 2008;(3):299-305
Abstract
FREQUENCY The prevalence of cigarette smoking is significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia (60-90%) than in the general population (23-30%). While tobacco smoking decreases in the general population (from 45% in the 1960's to 23-30% in the 2000's), smoking in patients with schizophrenia remains high. Patients with schizophrenia smoke more cigarettes than control subjects. Patients smoke more deeply, thereby increasing their exposure to the harmful elements in tobacco smoke. IMPACT OF SMOKING IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS As in the general population, smoking contributes to the reduced life expectancy in patients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to high rates of cigarette smoking. In the Department of Mental Health of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, cardiovascular disease was the factor the most strongly associated with excess mortality. Cardiac deaths were elevated more than six-fold. Weight gain, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are frequent in patients with schizophrenia, and may worsen the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It has been reported that the risk for lung cancer in patients with schizophrenia is lower than that of the general population, despite increased smoking. However, in a study conducted in Finland, a slightly increased cancer risk was found in patients with schizophrenia. Half of the excess cases were attributable to lung cancer. IMPROVEMENT OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS Patients with schizophrenia may use nicotine to reduce cognitive deficits and negative symptoms or neuroleptic side effects. Smoking may transiently alleviate negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients by increasing dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex. In patients with schizophrenia, nicotine improves some cognitive deficits: (1) sensory gating deficits and abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements associated with schizophrenia are transiently normalized with the administration of nicotine ; (2) high-dose nicotine transiently normalizes the abnormality in P50 inhibition in patients with schizophrenia and in their relatives; (3) in tasks that tax working memory and selective attention, nicotine may improve performance in schizophrenia patients by enhancing activation of and functional connectivity between brain regions that mediate task performance (Jacobsen et al. 2004; Paktar et al.2002); (4) cigarette smoking may selectively enhance visuospatial working memory and attentional deficits in smokers with schizophrenia. However, Harris et al., found that nicotine affects only the attention without effects of nicotine on learning, memory or visuospatial/constructional abilities. In addition, smoking could facilitate disinhibition in schizophrenic patients.
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9.
Prospective epidemiologic evidence of a "protective" effect of smoking on metabolic syndrome and diabetes among Turkish women--without associated overall health benefit.
Onat, A, Ozhan, H, Esen, AM, Albayrak, S, Karabulut, A, Can, G, Hergenç, G
Atherosclerosis. 2007;(2):380-8
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sex-specific effects of cigarette smoking on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes (DM), concomitant with its clinical impact on CHD, were prospectively evaluated in a cohort of 3385 participants (mean age 48 years), representative of Turks. Heavy smoking denoted smoking 11 or more cigarettes daily. During a mean 5.9-year follow-up, 485 incident cases of MS and 216 of DM were diagnosed. Among women, baseline characteristics as a whole were similar. Smoking status was inversely associated with waist circumference (p=0.004) and predicted in women hyperinsulinemia (p=0.045) after adjustment for age and body mass index. In the prediction of MS, heavy smoking was significantly "protective" (RR 0.50 [95% CI 0.26; 0.94]) in women and in both genders combined, after adjustment for age, baseline family income bracket and physical activity grade. As predictor of new DM, heavy smoking was significantly "protective" (RR 0.54 [95% CI 0.35; 0.83]) in all adults and in women (RR 0.13 [95% CI 0.02; 0.97]), after similar adjustment. Additional adjustment for insulin and CRP levels hardly modified in women the RRs, though attenuated to borderline significance risk for MS and DM due to smaller sample size. Risks of incident CHD and overall mortality were significantly elevated in smoking men, but not in women, when adjusted for age, serum total cholesterol, elevated BP, DM and physical activity grade. CONCLUSIONS Heavy cigarette smoking is "protective" of future MS and DM in Turkish women, mainly via protection from obesity. A separate modest effect on central obesity appeared independent of plasma insulin concentrations. Evidence of a translated beneficial effect on subsequent CHD or all-cause mortality did not emerge.
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10.
A prospective study of anthropometric and clinical measurements associated with insulin resistance syndrome and colorectal cancer in male smokers.
Bowers, K, Albanes, D, Limburg, P, Pietinen, P, Taylor, PR, Virtamo, J, Stolzenberg-Solomon, R
American journal of epidemiology. 2006;(7):652-64
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus shares risk factors for and has shown a positive association with colorectal cancer. Anthropometric measures (height, weight, and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) and metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) (abnormalities in measured blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol) were prospectively evaluated for associations with incident colon (n = 227), rectal (n = 183), and colorectal (n = 410) cancers diagnosed between 1985 and 2002 in 28,983 Finnish male smokers from the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. In comparison with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of body mass index was significantly associated with colorectal cancer (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 2.85; p-trend = 0.01), particularly colon cancer. Subjects with a cluster of three IRS-related conditions (hypertension, body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2), and HDL cholesterol level <40 mg/dl (<1.55 mmol/liter)), compared with those with fewer conditions, had a significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.74), particularly colon cancer (HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.10), but not rectal cancer. These results support the hypothesis that the significant association observed between IRS-defining metabolic abnormalities and colorectal cancer is determined primarily by adiposity.