1.
High-Salt Diet Gets Involved in Gastrointestinal Diseases through the Reshaping of Gastroenterological Milieu.
Li, J, Sun, F, Guo, Y, Fan, H
Digestion. 2019;(4):267-274
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are known to be largely influenced by one's lifestyle and dietary uptake. A high-salt diet (HSD) is well recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular complications, hypertension, and metabolic syndromes. However, the relationship between an HSD and the GI system, which is the compartment that comes in direct contact with exogenous stimulants, has not been fully explored. AIMS We seek to better understand the complexity of the pathogenic effects of an HSD in the context of GI disorders. METHODS By searching the PubMed and Web of science, the review of literature was performed using keywords: high-salt and GI, high-salt and immunity, salt and microbiota, salt and hormone. RESULTS In this review, we concluded that high-salt intake potentially perturbs the local immune homeostasis, alters the gut microbiota composition and function, and affects the endocrine hormone profiling in the GI system. CONCLUSION HSD might get involved in GI diseases through the reshaping of gastroenterological milieu, which could help to better understand the complexity of the pathogenic effects of an HSD in the context of GI disorders.
2.
Sodium status and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Soltani, S, Kolahdouz Mohammadi, R, Shab-Bidar, S, Vafa, M, Salehi-Abargouei, A
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(2):196-206
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been greatly increased, worldwide. In recent years, investigators have proposed that sodium might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome; however, the published data were conflicting. The present systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence from observational studies in this regard. We conducted a systematic search for relevant observational studies investigating the association between sodium status and MetS, published until June 2017 in electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google Scholar. Summary effects were derived using random effects model. After screening the records, seventeen publications with 66,274 participants were eligible to be included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The analysis revealed that subjects with MetS have significantly higher levels of sodium compared to healthy controls (Hedges' g = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.29, I2 = 68.6). Subgroup analyses revealed that the difference was significant when the sodium status was assessed using urinary sodium levels. The random effects meta-regression analysis also revealed that body sodium level increases with the number of MetS components. Furthermore, participants with highest dietary/urinary or serum sodium levels had 37% higher chance of developing MetS when compared with participants with the lowest sodium levels (OR = 1.37 95%CI: 1.31, 1.42, I2 = 86.9). The current meta-analysis revealed that higher sodium input into the body is directly associated with the likelihood of MetS. Prospective cohort studies and well-designed randomized clinical trials considering the effect of sodium restricted diets on the risk of MetS as an outcome are necessary to represent the causal association.