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Neurodevelopmental disorders: Metallomics studies for the identification of potential biomarkers associated to diagnosis and treatment.
Scassellati, C, Bonvicini, C, Benussi, L, Ghidoni, R, Squitti, R
Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS). 2020;:126499
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases such as Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) can be resolved through the identification of biomarkers. Metallomics (research on biometals) and metallomes (metalloproteins/metalloenzymes/chaperones) along with genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, can contribute to accelerate and improve this process. AIM: This review focused on four NDDs pathologies (Schizophrenia, SZ; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD; Autism, ADS; Epilepsy), and we reported, for the first time, different studies on the role played by the principal six essential trace elements (Cobalt, Co; Copper, Cu; Iron, Fe; Manganese, Mn; Selenium, Se; Zinc, Zn) that can influence diagnosis/treatment. RESULTS in light of the literature presented, based on meta-analyses, we suggest that Zn (glutamatergic neurotransmission, inflammation, neurodegeneration, autoimmunity alterations), could be a potential diagnostic biomarker associated to SZ. Moreover, considering the single association studies going in the same direction, increased Cu (catecholamine alterations, glucose intolerance, altered lipid metabolism/oxidative stress) and lower Fe (dopaminergic dysfunctions) levels were associated with a specific negative symptomatology. Lower Mn (lipid metabolism/oxidative stress alterations), and lower Se (metabolic syndrome) were linked to SZ. From the meta-analyses in ADHD, it is evidenced that Fe (and ferritin in particular), Mn, and Zn (oxidative stress dysfunctions) could be potential diagnostic biomarkers, mainly associated to severe hyperactive or inattentive symptoms; as well as Cu, Fe, Zn in ADS and Zn in Epilepsy. Fe, Zn and Mn levels seem to be influenced by antipsychotics treatment in SZ; Mn and Zn by methylphenidate treatment in ADHD; Cu and Zn by antiepileptic drugs in Epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Although there is controversy and further studies are needed, this work summarizes the state of art of the literature on this topic. We claim to avoid underreporting the impact of essential trace elements in paving the way for biomarkers research for NDDs.
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2.
Trace element nanoparticles improved diabetes mellitus; a brief report.
Ashrafizadeh, H, Abtahi, SR, Oroojan, AA
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2020;(4):443-445
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that induces several complications in various organs such as the liver, kidney, and reproductive system. Trace elements such as copper, zinc, selenium, and magnesium play an essential role in the management or treatment of diabetes mellitus. AIM: the aim of the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of these trace elements nanoparticles and their probable mechanism of action on diabetes and its complications. METHODS The present brief report was conducted with a search of articles published in several databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The articles were selected from 2011 to 2018 using the keywords "zinc," "copper," "selenium," "magnesium," and "diabetes." Following the eligibility criteria were selected 16 articles and 1 book. RESULTS The scientific results of the presented brief report show that zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium have antidiabetic effects. Also, they improved the diabetes-induced complications through increase antioxidant enzyme level, glucose utilization, and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION While zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium revealed antidiabetic effects, but their nanoparticles were more potent for the treatment of this disease.
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Distal renal tubular acidosis and severe hypokalemia: a case report and review of the literature.
Vasquez-Rios, G, Westrich, DJ, Philip, I, Edwards, JC, Shieh, S
Journal of medical case reports. 2019;(1):103
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distal renal tubular acidosis is a relatively infrequent condition with complex pathophysiology that can present with life-threatening electrolyte abnormalities. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a case of a 57-year-old Caucasian woman with previous episodes of hypokalemia, severe muscle weakness, and fatigue. Upon further questioning, symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth became evident. Initial evaluation revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, severe hypokalemia, persistent alkaline urine, and a positive urinary anion gap, suggestive of distal renal tubular acidosis. Additional laboratory workup and renal biopsy led to the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome with associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. After potassium and bicarbonate supplementation, immunomodulatory therapy with hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and prednisone was started. Nonetheless, her renal function failed to improve and remained steady with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 42 ml/min/1.73 m2. The literature on this topic was reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Cases of renal tubular acidosis should be carefully evaluated to prevent adverse complications, uncover a potentially treatable condition, and prevent the progression to chronic kidney disease. Repeated episodes of unexplained hypokalemia could be an important clue for diagnosis.
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Associations of blood levels of trace elements and heavy metals with metabolic syndrome in Chinese male adults with microRNA as mediators involved.
Guo, X, Yang, Q, Zhang, W, Chen, Y, Ren, J, Gao, A
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2019;:66-73
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global health problem with an increasing prevalence. However, effects of trace elements and heavy metals on MetS and the mechanism underlying this effect are poorly understood. A preliminary cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015. Significantly higher blood concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) were observed in the MetS group. With a priori adjustment for age, the concentration of Cu and Se in the blood was associated with a 2.56 - fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11, 5.92] and 3.31 - fold (95% CI, 1.4, 7.82) increased risk of MetS, respectively. Moreover, increased blood Se concentrations were associated with body mass index (BMI) [odds ratio (OR): 2.56; 95% CI, 1.11, 5.93], high blood pressure [for both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP); OR: 3.82; 95% CI, 1.47, 7.31 for SBP and OR: 2.56; 95% CI, 1.18, 5.59 for DBP], and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 3.3; 95% CI, 1.51, 7.2). In addition, the expression of miR-21-5p, miR-122-5p, and miR-146a-5p was significantly higher in subjects with MetS than those without MetS. Increased expression of miR-21-5p was significantly associated with increased SBP (β = 5.28; 95% CI, 0.63, 9.94) and DBP (β = 4.17; 95% CI, 0.68, 7.66). Moreover, Cu was positively associated with miR-21-5p (β = 3.02; 95% CI, 0.07, 5.95), whereas Se was positively associated with miR-122-5p (β = 2.7; 95% CI, 0.64, 4.76). The bootstrapping mediation models indicated that miR-21-5p partially mediated the relationships between Cu level and SBP/DBP. This study suggested that Cu and Se were both associated with MetS, and miR-21-5p participated in the development of MetS associated with Cu.
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5.
Chromium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Tang, XL, Sun, Z, Gong, L
The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research. 2018;(1):134-143
Abstract
AIM: Increasing evidence has suggested that chromium supplementation may improve the clinical symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), yet the results have been inconsistent. To derive a more precise estimation of the efficacy of chromium, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS Studies published in PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library up to April 2017 were retrieved. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95%CI were calculated for net changes using random-effects or fixed-effects models. RESULTS A total of six randomized clinical trials (RCT) with 351 PCOS women were ultimately collected in this meta-analysis. All included RCT were of moderate-high quality. On pooled analysis, insulin resistance was significantly decreased (SMD, -0.84; 95%CI: -1.30 to -0.38; P = 0.0004), while the total testosterone (SMD, 0.36; 95%CI: 0.07-0.65; P = 0.02) and free testosterone (SMD, 0.80; 95%CI: 0.48-1.12; P < 0.00001) were markedly increased in chromium-treated PCOS patients compared with control groups. No significant difference was found in other indexes of insulin metabolism (body mass index, fasting insulin, fasting blood sugar and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index), hormone status (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin) and lipid profiles (cholesterol and triglycerides) between the two groups. CONCLUSION Supplementation with chromium may not have significant benefits for women with PCOS. More RCT with low heterogeneity, however, are required to corroborate the present findings.