Plain language summary
Menopause is associated with changes in body composition such as an increase in body weight and body fat, and a decrease in muscle and bone mass. These changes in body composition may be partly responsible for an increased risk of falls in older women. This observational study had two aims: 1) to explore differences in body composition between premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and 2) to explore how body composition relates to walking balance in postmenopausal women. Fifty-one pre-menopausal and 50 postmenopausal women were selected to take part in this Nigerian study. The women were tested for hand grip strength (HGS), bone mineral density (BMD), percentage body fat mass (%BFM), fat mass (FM) fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI). A test was also carried out to assess walking balance (WB) in each of the women. The researchers found that the postmenopausal women had higher BMI, %BFM, FM and lower HGS, compared to the premenopausal women. HGS was the strongest predictor of WB in postmenopausal women and BMD was also related to WB. The authors concluded that differences in body composition may adversely impact muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Muscle strength and BMD are associated with WB, but only explain a small amount of the variance for WB. Therefore, other factors in addition to musculoskeletal health are necessary to mitigate fall risk in postmenopausal women.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of ovarian hormone in postmenopausal women has been associated with changes in the locomotor apparatus that may compromise walking function including muscle atrophy/weakness, weight gain, and bone demineralization. Therefore, handgrip strength (HGS), bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition [percentage body fat mass (%BFM), fat mass (FM), Fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI)], may significantly vary and predict WB in postmenopausal women. Consequently, the study sought to 1. Explore body composition, BMD and muscle strength differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women and 2. Explore how these variables [I.e., body composition, BMD and muscle strength] relate to WB in postmenopausal women. METHOD Fifty-one pre-menopausal (35.74 + 1.52) and 50 postmenopausal (53.32 + 2.28) women were selected by convenience sampling and studied. Six explanatory variables (HGS, BMD, %BFM, FFM, BMI and FM) were explored to predict WB in postmenopausal women: Data collected were analyzed using multiple linear regression, ANCOVA, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at p < 0.05. RESULT Postmenopausal women had higher BMI(t = + 1.72; p = 0.04), %BFM(t = + 2.77; p = .003), FM(t = + 1.77; p = 0.04) and lower HGS(t = - 3.05; p = 0.001),compared to the premenopausal women. The predicted main effect of age on HGS was not significant, F(1, 197) = 0.03, p = 0.06, likewise the interaction between age and %BFM, F(1, 197) = 0.02, p = 0.89; unlike the predicted main effect of %BFM, F(1, 197) = 10.34, p = .002, on HGS. HGS was the highest predictor of WB (t = 2.203; β=0.3046) in postmenopausal women and combined with T-score right big toe (Tscorert) to produce R2 = 0.11;F (2, 47)=4.11;p = 0.02 as the best fit for the predictive model. The variance (R2) change was significant from HGS model (R2 = 0.09;p = 0.03) to HGS + Tscorert model (R2 = 0.11;p = 0.02). The regression model equation was therefore given as: WB =5.4805 + 0.1578(HGS) + (- 1.3532) Tscorert. CONCLUSION There are differences in body composition suggesting re-compartmentalization of the body, which may adversely impact the (HGS) muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Muscle strength and BMD are associated with WB, although, only contribute to a marginal amount of the variance for WB. Therefore, other factors in addition to musculoskeletal health are necessary to mitigate fall risk in postmenopausal women.
Methodological quality
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