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Strategies to Increase the Production of Biosynthetic Riboflavin.
Zhao, G, Dong, F, Lao, X, Zheng, H
Molecular biotechnology. 2021;(10):909-918
Abstract
Riboflavin is widely regarded as an essential nutrient that is involved in biological oxidation in vivo. In addition to preventing and treating acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in patients with keratitis, stomatitis, and glossitis, riboflavin is also closely related to the treatment of radiation mucositis and cardiovascular disease. Chemical synthesis has been the dominant method for producing riboflavin for approximately 50 years. Nevertheless, due to the intricate synthesis process, relatively high cost, and high risk of pollution, alternative methods of chemical syntheses, such as the fermentation method, began to develop and eventually became the main methods for producing riboflavin. At present, there are three types of strains used in industrial riboflavin production: Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, many recent studies have been conducted on Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus. Fermentation increases the yield of riboflavin using genetic engineering technology to modify and induce riboflavin production in the strain, as well as to regulate the metabolic flux of the purine pathway and pentose phosphate pathway (PP pathway), thereby optimizing the culture process. This article briefly introduces recent progress in the fermentation of riboflavin.
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2.
Alteration of Flavin Cofactor Homeostasis in Human Neuromuscular Pathologies.
Tolomeo, M, Nisco, A, Barile, M
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2021;:275-295
Abstract
The aim of this short review chapter is to provide a brief summary of the relevance of riboflavin (Rf or vitamin B2) and its derived cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for human neuromuscular bioenergetics.Therefore, as a completion of this book we would like to summarize what kind of human pathologies could derive from genetic disturbances of Rf transport, flavin cofactor synthesis and delivery to nascent apoflavoproteins, as well as by alteration of vitamin recycling during protein turnover.
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3.
Corneal refractive surgery combined with simultaneous corneal cross-linking: Indications, protocols and clinical outcomes-A review.
Ma, J, Wang, Y, Jhanji, V
Clinical & experimental ophthalmology. 2020;(1):78-88
Abstract
Corneal refractive surgery is one of the most common approaches for correction of refractive errors. Combined corneal refractive surgery and corneal cross-linking (CXL) has been proposed as a method to achieve better refractive stability and to prevent iatrogenic corneal ectasia. However, there are concerns regarding its indications, surgical safety, standardization of protocols and long-term effect on corneal tissue. This review article aims to discuss the current knowledge and recent updates on combination of CXL and refractive surgery.
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4.
Metabolic treatments of migraine.
Lisicki, M, Schoenen, J
Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2020;(3):295-302
Abstract
Introduction: Most preventive migraine treatments modify the brain's excitation/inhibition balance and/or serotonin metabolism, which likely accounts for their unfavorable adverse effect profile. Novel biological therapies blocking CGRP transmission are effective and better tolerated, but they are expensive and may not influence brain dysfunctions upstream in the pathophysiological cascade of migraine, including premonitory and aura symptoms. Biochemical and clinical studies suggest that there may be another complimentary treatment strategy, the one that targets the underestimated metabolic facet of migraine pathophysiology.Areas covered: After a brief description of the metabolic abnormalities found in migraine patients, we will review and discuss published data on metabolic treatments of migraine. There is evidence that riboflavin and co-enzyme Q10 are effective for the prevention of migraine and quasi devoid of adverse effects. Response rates are close to those of topiramate, propranolol, and CGRP/CGRPrec mAbs. The evidence is weaker for thioctic acid. Dietary and pharmacological strategies inducing ketosis are novel promising approaches for which preliminary trials with favorable outcomes have been published.Expert opinion: Metabolic treatments of migraine constitute an effective, well-tolerated, inexpensive, and evidence-supported therapeutic option for migraine prophylaxis, and may be considered as first treatment line in many patients, including in children and adolescents.
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5.
Medical Applications of Rose Bengal- and Riboflavin-Photosensitized Protein Crosslinking.
Redmond, RW, Kochevar, IE
Photochemistry and photobiology. 2019;(5):1097-1115
Abstract
This review summarizes research on many of the potential applications of photosensitized crosslinking of tissue proteins in surgery and current knowledge of the photochemical mechanisms underlying formation of the covalent protein-protein crosslinks involved. Initially developed to close wounds or reattach tissues, protein photocrosslinking has also been demonstrated to stiffen and strengthen tissues, decrease inflammatory responses and facilitate tissue bioengineering. These treatments appear to result largely from crosslinks within and between collagen molecules in tissue that typically form by an oxygen-dependent mechanism. Surgical applications discussed include sealing wounds in skin, cornea and bowel; reattaching severed nerves, blood vessels and tendons; strengthening cornea and vein; reducing capsular contracture after breast implants; and regenerating joint cartilage.
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6.
Corneal Cross-Linking: The Science Beyond the Myths and Misconceptions.
Rubinfeld, RS, Caruso, C, Ostacolo, C
Cornea. 2019;(6):780-790
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been a recent explosion in the variety of techniques used to accomplish corneal cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of ectatic corneal diseases. To understand the success or failure of various techniques, we review the physicochemical basis of corneal CXL and re-evaluate the current principles and long-standing conventional wisdom in the light of recent, compelling, and sometimes contradictory research. METHODS Two clinicians and a medicinal chemist developed a list of current key topics, controversies, and questions in the field of corneal CXL based on information from current literature, medical conferences, and discussions with international practitioners of CXL. RESULTS Standard corneal CXL with removal of the corneal epithelium is a safe and efficacious procedure for the treatment of corneal ectasias. However, the necessity of epithelium removal is painful for patients, involves risk and requires significant recovery time. Attempts to move to transepithelial corneal CXL have been hindered by the lack of a coherent understanding of the physicochemistry of corneal CXL. Misconceptions about the applicability of the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity and the Lambert-Beer law in CXL hamper the ability to predict the effect of ultraviolet A energy during CXL. Improved understanding of CXL may also expand the treatment group for corneal ectasia to those with thinner corneas. Finally, it is essential to understand the role of oxygen in successful CXL. CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of the complex interactions of riboflavin, ultraviolet A energy and oxygen in corneal CXL may provide a successful route to transepithelial corneal CXL.