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The skin microbiome in psoriatic disease: A systematic review and critical appraisal.
Yerushalmi, M, Elalouf, O, Anderson, M, Chandran, V
Journal of translational autoimmunity. 2019;2:100009
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Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease that results in patches of dry, scaly skin that can be itchy or sore. Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis that affects up to 30% of psoriasis patients. The role of skin bacteria (the skin microbiome) is not well understood. This systematic review summarised the literature on the microbiome in psoriatic disease. The researchers looked at nine studies: seven on psoriasis only, and two studies comparing the microbiome characteristics between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Compared to healthy controls, the skin of psoriasis patients demonstrated a decreased species diversity, higher relative abundances of Firmicutes, and lower relative abundances of Actinobacteria. Less conclusive were genus-level results, which demonstrated trends towards increased Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium, and decreased Propionibacterium in the skin of psoriasis patients versus healthy controls. However, the studies’ designs and methodologies varied, and therefore the researchers concluded that further research into the role of the skin microbiome in psoriatic disease is needed.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis affects 1-3% of the Canadian population. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), the most common comorbidity of psoriasis, affects up to 30% of psoriasis patients. The skin microbiome is hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic disease (PsD-psoriasis and PsA). OBJECTIVE To summarize the current state of literature on the skin microbiome in PsD. METHODS A systematic review was performed using searches in Ovid, Medline, Embase, Medline Epub Ahead of Print and In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Search was limited to humans and English language, with no limits for date or publication type. RESULTS Of 4,032 citations identified, 9 studies met inclusion criteria (7 on psoriasis only and 2 studies compared the microbiome characteristics between psoriasis and PsA). Compared to healthy controls, lesions demonstrated a decreased alpha diversity, higher relative abundances of Firmicutes, and lower relative abundances of Actinobacteria. Less conclusive were genus-level results, which nonetheless demonstrated trends towards increased Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium and decreased Propionibacterium in lesions vs. control. LIMITATIONS Study designs were heterogeneous, including sampling technique and exclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS Phyla- and selected genus-level characteristic of the psoriatic microbiome are presented; further research is warranted.
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Effect of a Preparation of Four Probiotics on Symptoms of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Association with Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth.
Leventogiannis, K, Gkolfakis, P, Spithakis, G, Tsatali, A, Pistiki, A, Sioulas, A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ, Triantafyllou, K
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. 2019;11(2):627-634
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gut disorder with symptoms primarily of bloating and diarrhea. Recently these symptoms have been associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which occurs when bacteria from the colon resides in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of probiotics in improvement of symptoms of IBS patients with SIBO. In this prospective trial, five patients with IBS and SIBO and 21 patients with IBS without SIBO were given probiotic capsules twice a day for 30 days. Participants completed an IBS severity questionnaire at three visits throughout the trial. At the end of the trial, a 71.3% decrease of the total IBS score was detected in patients with IBS and SIBO, compared with those without SIBO. This study found there are clinical benefits from probiotic supplementation in IBS patients with SIBO. Based on these findings, the authors conclude larger, randomised studies be undertaken based on this prospective design.
Abstract
The effect of probiotics on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has never been studied so far. In this prospective trial, five patients with IBS and SIBO and 21 patients with IBS without SIBO were administered an oral capsule containing Saccharomyces boulardii, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus plantarum (Lactolevure®) every 12 h for 30 days. SIBO was defined by quantitative culture of the third part of the duodenum; IBS was defined by the Rome III criteria. Severity of symptoms was graded by the IBS severity scoring system (SSS). The primary study endpoint was the efficacy of probiotics in improvement of symptoms of IBS in patients with SIBO. Thirty days after the end of treatment, a 71.3% decrease of the total IBS score was detected in patients with IBS and SIBO compared to 10.6% in those without SIBO (p 0.017). A similar decrease was achieved among patients with constipation-predominant IBS without SIBO. Post-treatment satisfaction from bowel function was greater in patients with SIBO. Similar satisfaction improvement was found among patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS irrespective from SIBO; pain intensity score decreased in patients with constipation-predominant IBS irrespective from SIBO. The benefit of probiotics was greater among patients with a pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern in the duodenal fluid. This is the first study that prospectively demonstrated superior clinical efficacy of probiotics in patients with IBS with SIBO. Analysis also showed considerable benefit from probiotic intake regarding certain symptoms of patients with diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant IBS.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02204891.
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Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD+ Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures.
Elhassan, YS, Kluckova, K, Fletcher, RS, Schmidt, MS, Garten, A, Doig, CL, Cartwright, DM, Oakey, L, Burley, CV, Jenkinson, N, et al
Cell reports. 2019;28(7):1717-1728.e6
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As the body ages, there is a decline in muscle mass and function, which can be combatted with diet, exercise, and supplementation. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) or vitamin B3 has been shown in animal studies to promote healthy muscle, however its effects in human muscle are unknown. This randomised control trial of overweight older men aimed to determine if NR can be used by muscle and whether it has any effect on muscle function. The results showed that NR supplementation (1 g/day) for 3 weeks can be used by the muscle but had no effect on muscle function as shown by the hand grip test. Supplementation also decreased energy production in muscle and had anti-inflammatory effects. It was concluded that NR is available to muscle and that it may have anti-inflammatory properties, which may be of benefit to older individuals.
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is modulated by conditions of metabolic stress and has been reported to decline with aging in preclinical models, but human data are sparse. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation ameliorates metabolic dysfunction in rodents. We aimed to establish whether oral NR supplementation in aged participants can increase the skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and if it can alter muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics. We supplemented 12 aged men with 1 g NR per day for 21 days in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Targeted metabolomics showed that NR elevated the muscle NAD+ metabolome, evident by increased nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide clearance products. Muscle RNA sequencing revealed NR-mediated downregulation of energy metabolism and mitochondria pathways, without altering mitochondrial bioenergetics. NR also depressed levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Our data establish that oral NR is available to aged human muscle and identify anti-inflammatory effects of NR.
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Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer's disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment.
Nagpal, R, Neth, BJ, Wang, S, Craft, S, Yadav, H
EBioMedicine. 2019;47:529-542
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The exact causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are unknown, but there is evidence that AD is related to chronic inflammation, and it is thought that the gut bacteria (microbiome) and their metabolites can directly or indirectly affect brain functions. Diet can affect both the gut microbiome and brain health, and a ketogenic diet has been proposed to modulate processes associated with AD and is also known to affect gut microbial balance. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, crossover, pilot trial was to evaluate whether and how a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) alters the gut microbiome composition and whether this is associated with biomarkers for AD. 17 participants completed the study, 11 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, an early stage of AD), and 6 counterparts with normal cognitive function (CN). Participants were randomly assigned to either a MMKD or an American Heart Association Diet (AHAD) for 6-weeks, followed by a 6-week washout, and then a 6-week intervention with the other diet. At baseline, participants with MCI had a microbiome composition different to that of the CN controls, with that of the MCI participants being considered less beneficial and potentially more pro-inflammatory. This difference was associated with biomarkers of AD. There was no difference in levels of microbial metabolites at baseline. Several types of bacteria were affected by the MMKD and AHAD, as were levels of faecal bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids). In particular, on the MMKD there was an increase in the metabolite butyrate which possesses neuroprotective actions and improves brain health. The authors conclude that the MMKD has a beneficial effect on the gut microbiome and associated AD biomarkers.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence is increasing, but its etiology remains elusive. Gut microbes can contribute to AD pathology and may help identifying novel markers and therapies against AD. Herein, we examine how the gut microbiome differs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment compared to cognitively normal counterparts, and whether and how a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) alters the gut microbiome signature in association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, single-center pilot study of MMKD versus American Heart Association Diet (AHAD) intervention is performed on 17 subjects (age: 64.6 ± 6.4 yr), of which 11 have mild cognitive impairment, while 6 are cognitively normal. Subjects undergo MMKD and AHAD intervention for 6-weeks separated by 6-weeks washout periods. Gut microbiome, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and markers of AD in CSF including amyloid β (Aβ)-40 and Aß-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau-181 (tau-p181) are measured at before and after diet interventions. FINDINGS At baseline, subjects with normal vs. impaired cognition show no notable difference in microbiome diversity but several unique microbial signatures are detected in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Proteobacteria correlate positively with Aβ-42: Aβ-40 while fecal propionate and butyrate correlates negatively with Aβ-42 in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Several bacteria are differently affected by the two diets with distinct patterns between cognitively normal and impaired subjects. Notably, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia, Slackia, Christensenellaceae and Erysipelotriaceae increases while that of Bifidobacterium and Lachnobacterium reduces on MMKD, while AHAD increases Mollicutes. MMKD slightly reduces fecal lactate and acetate while increasing propionate and butyrate. Conversely, AHAD increases acetate and propionate while reducing butyrate. INTERPRETATION The data suggest that specific gut microbial signatures may depict the mild cognitive impairment and that the MMKD can modulate the gut microbiome and metabolites in association with improved AD biomarkers in CSF.
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Role of Probiotics in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Does Gut Microbiota Matter?
Xie, C, Halegoua-DeMarzio, D
Nutrients. 2019;11(11)
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver tissue, without excessive alcohol consumption, and appears to be related to metabolic syndrome. It is thought to have a prevalence of 25% globally and there are no pharmacological treatments available. This review discusses the connection between the gut microbiota (GM) and NAFLD. Various mechanisms by which the GM may be involved in the development of NAFLD are discussed. As probiotics and prebiotics can normalise GM and reverse dysbiosis their use may benefit patients with NAFLD. This has been confirmed in animal models. The authors review 26 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics and/or prebiotics in the treatment of NAFLD which evaluate biochemical markers, as well as five meta-analyses, and found that overall there is strong evidence that probiotics and/or prebiotics can lower ALT and AST (markers of NAFLD), although results for other biochemical markers were mixed. They also reviewed RCTs assessing NAFLD by imaging and histological means, and again found benefits from probiotic and/or prebiotic supplementation.
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome, which often also includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The connection between gut microbiota (GM) and NAFLD has attracted significant attention in recent years. Data has shown that GM affects hepatic lipid metabolism and influences the balance between pro/anti-inflammatory effectors in the liver. Although studies reveal the association between GM dysbiosis and NAFLD, decoding the mechanisms of gut dysbiosis resulting in NAFLD remains challenging. The potential pathophysiology that links GM dysbiosis to NAFLD can be summarized as: (1) disrupting the balance between energy harvest and expenditure, (2) promoting hepatic inflammation (impairing intestinal integrity, facilitating endotoxemia, and initiating inflammatory cascades with cytokines releasing), and (3) altered biochemistry metabolism and GM-related metabolites (i.e., bile acid, short-chain fatty acids, aromatic amino acid derivatives, branched-chain amino acids, choline, ethanol). Due to the hypothesis that probiotics/synbiotics could normalize GM and reverse dysbiosis, there have been efforts to investigate the therapeutic effect of probiotics/synbiotics in patients with NAFLD. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that probiotics/synbiotics could improve transaminases, hepatic steatosis, and reduce hepatic inflammation. Despite these promising results, future studies are necessary to understand the full role GM plays in NAFLD development and progression. Additionally, further data is needed to unravel probiotics/synbiotics efficacy, safety, and sustainability as a novel pharmacologic approaches to NAFLD.
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Additional Effects of Nutritional Antioxidant Supplementation on Peripheral Muscle during Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Gouzi, F, Maury, J, Héraud, N, Molinari, N, Bertet, H, Ayoub, B, Blaquière, M, Bughin, F, De Rigal, P, Poulain, M, et al
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2019;2019:5496346
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is systematically associated with comorbidities. Muscle atrophy and weakness are therefore targets of exercise training interventions in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). The aim of the study was to test the effects of oral antioxidant supplementation with vitamins and trace elements (i.e. vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium) versus placebo on muscle endurance (primary outcome) and muscle strength, oxidative stress, inflammation, and PR outcomes (secondary outcomes). The study is a randomized double-blind controlled trial during PR. COPD patients (aged between 40 and 78 years) were randomly assigned to the PR antioxidant group or to the PR placebo group. Results indicate that nutritional antioxidant supplementation (vitamins C and E, zinc, and selenium) failed to further improve the patients’ quadriceps endurance. However, results also demonstrate that additional improvements of three secondary outcomes and a trend toward increased muscle type I fiber proportion with supplementation versus placebo during PR. Authors conclude that efficient antioxidant supplementation results in greater improvement in muscle function when compared to placebo in combination with exercise training.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not fully reversed by exercise training. Antioxidants are critical for muscle homeostasis and adaptation to training. However, COPD patients experience antioxidant deficits that worsen after training and might impact their muscle response to training. Nutritional antioxidant supplementation in combination with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) would further improve muscle function, oxidative stress, and PR outcomes in COPD patients. METHODS Sixty-four COPD patients admitted to inpatient PR were randomized to receive 28 days of oral antioxidant supplementation targeting the previously observed deficits (PR antioxidant group; α-tocopherol: 30 mg/day, ascorbate: 180 mg/day, zinc gluconate: 15 mg/day, selenomethionine: 50 μg/day) or placebo (PR placebo group). PR consisted of 24 sessions of moderate-intensity exercise training. Changes in muscle endurance (primary outcome), oxidative stress, and PR outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Eighty-one percent of the patients (FEV1 = 58.9 ± 20.0%pred) showed at least one nutritional antioxidant deficit. Training improved muscle endurance in the PR placebo group (+37.4 ± 45.1%, p < 0.001), without additional increase in the PR antioxidant group (-6.6 ± 11.3%; p = 0.56). Nevertheless, supplementation increased the α-tocopherol/γ-tocopherol ratio and selenium (+58 ± 20%, p < 0.001, and +16 ± 5%, p < 0.01, respectively), muscle strength (+11 ± 3%, p < 0.001), and serum total proteins (+7 ± 2%, p < 0.001), and it tended to increase the type I fiber proportion (+32 ± 17%, p = 0.07). The prevalence of muscle weakness decreased in the PR antioxidant group only, from 30.0 to 10.7% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While the primary outcome was not significantly improved, COPD patients demonstrate significant improvements of secondary outcomes (muscle strength and other training-refractory outcomes), suggesting a potential "add-on" effect of the nutritional antioxidant supplementation (vitamins C and E, zinc, and selenium) during PR. This trial is registered with NCT01942889.
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Effect of physical fitness on colorectal tumor development in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Nakamura, T, Ishikawa, H, Sakai, T, Ayabe, M, Wakabayashi, K, Mutoh, M, Matsuura, N
Medicine. 2019;98(38):e17076
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Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), is a rare genetic disease leading to a very high risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), with about half of all these patients developing cancer by the age of 40 years. Research has shown that exercise and physical fitness can reduce the risk of sporadic CRC. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between physical fitness and CRC development in patients with FAP. 119 patients with FAP participated in the study and underwent an exercise stress test to determine physical fitness. The risk of CRC was significantly higher in those who were less physically fit. There was also a significant negative correlation between maximum polyp diameter and physical fitness. The authors conclude that physical fitness may play a role not only in the development of sporadic CRC, but also in cancer development in FAP. The mechanism by which physical fitness prevents the development of CRC and adenoma is largely unknown, but it is thought that improved insulin resistance and altered intestinal transit time may mediate the association.
Abstract
Although accumulated epidemiological evidence indicates that a good physical fitness level may prevent the development of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), few studies have examined the effect of physical fitness level on familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between physical fitness and CRC development in patients with FAP.A total of 119 patients (54 male; 65 female) with FAP, aged 17 to 73 years, underwent a step test to induce exercise stress. Predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was calculated for each patient by using heart rate as an index of physical fitness. The association of VO2max with the presence or absence of CRC and polyp diameter was examined. Patients with FAP were divided into 3 categories according to their VO2max (high, medium, and low). The association between maximum polyp size and VO2max among the patients with FAP without a history of colectomy was examined.The risk of CRC was significantly higher in the low VO2max group than in the high VO2max group (odds ratio = 4.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-16.26). The maximum polyp diameter was significantly negatively correlated with the VO2max among the patients with FAP without a history of colectomy (r = -.44, P = .01). In the multiple linear regression analysis, maximum polyp diameter was independently correlated with VO2max.Our results suggest a preventive association between physical fitness and CRC development or colorectal adenoma growth exists in patients with FAP.
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The effects of Berberis vulgaris consumption on plasma levels of IGF-1, IGFBPs, PPAR-γ and the expression of angiogenic genes in women with benign breast disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Pirouzpanah, S, Asemani, S, Shayanfar, A, Baradaran, B, Montazeri, V
BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2019;19(1):324
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Individuals diagnosed with benign breast disease (BBD) are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer. A hormone known as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been reported to correlate with the development of BBD into breast cancer. Berberis vulgaris (BV) is a herbal plant, which may have anti-cancer properties. Previous studies have reported alterations in proteins involved in tumour growth upon regular consumption, but none have looked at IGF-1 in individuals with BBD. This randomised double-blind trial aimed to study the effects of BV on IGF-1 and other proteins involved in tumour growth in 85 women recently diagnosed with BBD over an 8-week period. The results showed that compliance to BV treatment was high. IGF-1 significantly decreased within both groups. When compared to each other, there was a 16% drop in IGF-1 in the BV group compared to the placebo group. Several proteins and growth factors were also altered by BV treatment in favour of reducing breast cancer risk. The authors concluded that BV juice may reduce the risk of BBD turning into breast cancer. Clinicians could use this study to recommend regular consumption of BV to individuals with BBD as part of a wellness regime to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer.
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Berberis vulgaris (BV) juice consumption on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and the expression of PPAR-γ, VEGF and HIF in women with benign breast disease. METHODS This parallel design randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted on 85 eligible patients diagnosed with benign breast disease. They were assigned randomly into either BV juice group (n = 44, BV juice: 480 ml/day) or placebo group (n = 41, BV placebo juice: 480 ml/day) for 8 weeks intervention. Participants, caregivers and those who assessed laboratory analyses were blinded to the assignments. Plasma levels of biomarkers were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks by ELISA. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the fold change in the expression of each interested gene. RESULTS The compliance of participants was 95.2% and 40 available subjects analyzed in each group at last. Relative treatment (RT) effects for BV juice caused 16% fall in IGF-1 concentration and 37% reduction in the ratio of IGF-1/1GFBP1. Absolute treatment effect expressed 111 ng/ml increased mean differences of IGFBP-3 between BV group and placebo. Plasma level of PPAR-γ increased in both groups but it was not significant. Fold changes in the expressions of PPAR-γ, VEGF and HIF showed down-regulation in the intervention group compared to placebos (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The BV juice intervention over 8 weeks was accompanied by acceptable efficacy and decreased plasma IGF-1, and IGF-1/IGFBP-1 ratio partly could be assigned to enhanced IGFBP-1 level in women with BBD. The intervention caused reductions in the expression levels of PPAR, VEGF, and HIF which are remarkable genomic changes to potentially prevent breast tumorigenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT2012110511335N2. Registered 10 July 2013 (retrospectively registered).
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The effect of different sources of fish and camelina sativa oil on immune cell and adipose tissue mRNA expression in subjects with abnormal fasting glucose metabolism: a randomized controlled trial.
de Mello, VD, Dahlman, I, Lankinen, M, Kurl, S, Pitkänen, L, Laaksonen, DE, Schwab, US, Erkkilä, AT
Nutrition & diabetes. 2019;9(1):1
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Dietary fish oils, particularly omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in oily fish, nuts and seeds have long been researched and purported to have both anti-inflammatory and glucose-stabilising effects when consumed orally and it is widely believed that in reducing low-grade inflammation and stabilising blood glucose levels, the risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes, heart disease or a stroke is reduced. Lean fish on the other hand has been far less researched with regards to its protective effects. This study was a randomised controlled study designed to assess and compare the protective effects of fish oils and Camelina Sativa oil (CSO - a seed oil containing alpha-linolenic acid) on inflammatory-related genes in subjects with suggestive pre-diabetes. Subjects were allocated to a randomised group and instructed to consume a given amount of either fatty fish, lean fish, camelina oil, or no fish/oil (control group). The study was carried out on 72 participants over a 12-week period. Although no significant change could be seen on inflammatory gene expression for the group consuming fatty fish, there was a modest decrease in inflammatory gene markers in the group consuming lean fish and a significant decrease in the group consuming CSO. Implications from this study suggest that CSO exerts its protective effect by reducing inflammation, therefore possibly decreasing the risk of strokes and cardiovascular episodes. The authors suggest that consuming a variety of fish, especially lean fish 4 times/ week could also play a protective role in cardiovascular health and type 2 diabetes.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Molecular mechanisms linking fish and vegetable oil intakes to their healthy metabolic effects may involve attenuation of inflammation. Our primary aim was to examine in a randomized controlled setting whether diets enriched in fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF) or ALA-rich camelina sativa oil (CSO) differ in their effects on the mRNA expression response of selected inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. SUBJECTS/METHODS Samples from 72 participants randomized to one of the following 12-week intervention groups, FF (n = 19), LF (n = 19), CSO (n = 17) or a control group (n = 17), were available for the PBMC study. For SAT, 39 samples (n = 8, n = 10, n = 9, n = 12, respectively) were available. The mRNA expression was measured at baseline and 12 weeks by TaqMan® Low Density Array. RESULTS In PBMCs, LF decreased ICAM1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05), which was different (P = 0.06, Bonferroni correction) from the observed increase in the FF group (P < 0.05). Also, compared to the control group, LF decreased ICAM1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, the change in ICAM1 mRNA expression correlated positively with the intake of FF (P < 0.05) and negatively with the intake of LF (P < 0.05), independently of study group. A diet enriched in CSO, a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), decreased PBMC IFNG mRNA expression (P < 0.01). The intake of CSO in the CSO group, but not the increase in plasma ALA proportions, correlated inversely with the IFNG mRNA expression in PBMCs (P = 0.08). In SAT, when compared with the control group, the effect of FF on decreasing IL1RN mRNA expression was significant (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION We propose that CSO intake may partly exert its benefits through immuno-inflammatory molecular regulation in PBMCs, while modulation of ICAM1 expression, an endothelial/vascular-related gene, may be more dependent on the type of fish consumed.
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Prolonged Collagen Peptide Supplementation and Resistance Exercise Training Affects Body Composition in Recreationally Active Men.
Kirmse, M, Oertzen-Hagemann, V, de Marées, M, Bloch, W, Platen, P
Nutrients. 2019;11(5)
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Currently little is known concerning collagen protein supplementation combined with a prolonged resistance exercising training (RET) programme. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-term collagen peptide supplementation and RET on body composition, strength and muscle fibre cross-sectional surface area (fCSA) in 57 recreationally active men. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants were randomly allocated to receive either collagen peptides or placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups trained three times a week. Strength testing, bioimedance analysis and muscle biopsies were taken at baseline and post-intervention. Most notably the collagen group experienced a significant increase in fat-free mass while body fat mass remained unchanged, compared to the placebo group. Both groups showed significant increases in strength tests and the fCSA increased significantly without differences. Based on these results, the authors conclude collagen protein supplementation have positive impact on body composition however suggest further study include connective tissue in addition to muscle tissue to better understand the mechanisms underlying these changes.
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effects of long-term collagen peptide (CP) supplementation and resistance exercise training (RET) on body composition, strength, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) in recreationally active men. Fifty-seven young men were randomly and double-blinded divided into a group receiving either collagen peptides (COL, 15 g/day) or a placebo (PLA). Strength testing, bioimpedance analysis, and muscle biopsies were used prior to and after an RET intervention. Food record protocols were performed during the RET intervention. The groups trained three times a week for 12 weeks. Baseline parameters showed no differences between groups, and the external training load and dietary food intake were also similar. COL showed a significant increase in fat-free mass (FFM) compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Body fat mass (BFM) was unchanged in COL, whereas a significant increase in BFM was observed in PLA. Both groups showed significant increases in all strength tests, with a trend for a slightly more pronounced effect in COL. The fCSA of type II muscle fibers increased significantly in both groups without differences between the two groups. We firstly demonstrated improved body composition in healthy, recreationally active men subsequent to prolonged CP supplementation in combination with RET. As the observed increase in FFM was not reflected in differences in fCSA hypertrophy between groups, we assume enhanced passive connective tissue adaptations in COL due to CP intake.