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Associations of dietary intake with cardiometabolic risk in a multi-ethnic cohort: a longitudinal analysis of the Determinants of Adolescence, now young Adults, Social well-being and Health (DASH) study.
Goff, LM, Huang, P, Silva, MJ, Bordoli, C, Enayat, EZ, Molaodi, OR, Cassidy, A, Maynard, M, Harding, S
The British journal of nutrition. 2019;121(9):1069-1079
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Ethnic inequalities in a wide range of chronic diseases are well documented. Poor dietary habits in childhood may contribute to higher rates of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). This study was a longitudinal follow-up of a subsample of the Determinants of Adolescent Social well-being and Health (DASH) study. The researchers aimed to identify dietary patterns and investigate their impact on chronic diseases in young adulthood. The study participants were 107 White British, 102 Black Caribbean, 132 Black African, 98 Indian, 111 Bangladeshi/Pakistani and 115 other/mixed ethnicity. Participants completed a 24-hour dietary intake recall and behaviour questionnaire at age 11-13yrs, and then again at age 21-23yrs. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood sugar were measured. The researchers found that dietary behaviours such as skipping breakfast and a low intake of fruit and vegetables were common. Rates of skipping breakfast and low fruit and vegetable consumption were highest among Black African and Black Caribbean participants. BMI and cholesterol levels in young adults were higher among those who regularly skipped breakfast. The researchers concluded that skipping breakfast is more common in certain ethnic groups and is associated with risk factors for chronic disease in young adults. They suggest that interventions to improve dietary habits could be targeted at specific population groups.
Abstract
Unfavourable dietary habits, such as skipping breakfast, are common among ethnic minority children and may contribute to inequalities in cardiometabolic disease. We conducted a longitudinal follow-up of a subsample of the UK multi-ethnic Determinants of Adolescent Social well-being and Health cohort, which represents the main UK ethnic groups and is now aged 21-23 years. We aimed to describe longitudinal patterns of dietary intake and investigate their impact on cardiometabolic risk in young adulthood. Participants completed a dietary behaviour questionnaire and a 24 h dietary intake recall; anthropometry, blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol and HbA1c were measured. The cohort consisted of 107 White British, 102 Black Caribbean, 132 Black African, 98 Indian, 111 Bangladeshi/Pakistani and 115 other/mixed ethnicity. Unhealthful dietary behaviours such as skipping breakfast and low intake of fruits and vegetables were common (56, 57 and 63 %, respectively). Rates of skipping breakfast and low fruit and vegetable consumption were highest among Black African and Black Caribbean participants. BMI and cholesterol levels at 21-23 years were higher among those who regularly skipped breakfast at 11-13 years (BMI 1·41 (95 % CI 0·57, 2·26), P=0·001; cholesterol 0·15 (95 % CI -0·01, 0·31), P=0·063) and at 21-23 years (BMI 1·05 (95 % CI 0·22, 1·89), P=0·014; cholesterol 0·22 (95 % CI 0·06, 0·37), P=0·007). Childhood breakfast skipping is more common in certain ethnic groups and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in young adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting interventions to improve dietary behaviours such as breakfast consumption at specific population groups.
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Atherogenic Index Reduction and Weight Loss in Metabolic Syndrome Patients Treated with A Novel Pectin-Enriched Formulation of Bergamot Polyphenols.
Capomolla, AS, Janda, E, Paone, S, Parafati, M, Sawicki, T, Mollace, R, Ragusa, S, Mollace, V
Nutrients. 2019;11(6)
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of several cardiometabolic risk factors, including hyperglycaemia [high levels of blood glucose] or glucose intolerance, high levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, abdominal adiposity and obesity. The purpose of this small-scale clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of bergamot juice extract on MetS patients with moderate hyperglycemia. The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which enrolled MetS patients (n=52) aged between 40 to 80 years. Participants were assigned to one of the two treatment groups, or a matched placebo group for a period of 90 days. Results indicate a significant amelioration of dyslipidaemia [abnormal blood lipid levels] and insulin sensitivity in MetS patients after bergamot polyphenol extract complex supplementation. Another important finding is the dose-dependent reduction of body weight and BMI by 10% to 16% in patients receiving low and high dose of bergamot polyphenol extract complex supplementation. Authors conclude that bergamot juice-derived food supplements enriched with pectins and vitamin C, significantly stimulate weight loss, improve insulin sensitivity and reduce circulating insulin, leptin, and ghrelin levels, while increasing significantly the levels of cardioprotective adiponectin.
Abstract
: Bergamot flavonoids counteract dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia but fail to induce a significant weight loss. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of bergamot polyphenol extract complex (BPE-C), a novel bergamot juice-derived formulation enriched with flavonoids and pectins, on several metabolic syndrome parameters. Obese patients with atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) over 0.34 and mild hyperglycemia were recruited to a double-blind randomized trial comparing two doses of BPE-C (650 and 1300 mg daily) with placebo. Fifty-two subjects met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to three experimental groups. Fifteen subjects per group completed 90 days-trial. BPE-C reduced significantly fasting glucose by 18.1%, triglycerides by 32% and cholesterol parameters by up to 41.4%, leading to a powerful reduction of AIP (below 0.2) in the high dose group. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin levels were also reduced. Moreover, BPE-C decreased body weight by 14.8% and body mass index by 15.9% in BPE-C high group. This correlated with a significant reduction of circulating hormones balancing caloric intake, including leptin, ghrelin and upregulation of adiponectin. All effects showed a dose-dependent tendency. This study suggests that food supplements, containing full spectrum of bergamot juice components, such as BPE-C efficiently induce a combination of weight loss and insulin sensitivity effects together with a robust reduction of atherosclerosis risk.
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The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Cho, Y, Hong, N, Kim, KW, Cho, SJ, Lee, M, Lee, YH, Lee, YH, Kang, ES, Cha, BS, Lee, BW
Journal of clinical medicine. 2019;8(10)
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Calorie restriction (CR) is known to reduce body weight and to improve various cardiovascular risk factors. Due to the many difficulties in sustaining daily CR, intermittent fasting (IF) has been proposed as an alternative strategy for achieving and maintaining weight reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of IF on weight loss and glucose metabolism by analysing the effect size of previous studies among the general population without diabetes mellitus. A total of 12 studies were included in this study. The total number of participants was 545 (261 in the intervention group and 284 in the control group). Study analysis indicates an improvement in glycaemic control and insulin resistance through IF diet as compared with a non-fasting control group. Lean mass was relatively conserved in the IF diet group however, no significant weight reduction was identified. Authors conclude that IF diet may improve fat distribution in the general population without chronic metabolic disease.
Abstract
The effects of an intermittent fasting diet (IFD) in the general population are still controversial. In this study, we aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of an IFD to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism in the general population without diabetes mellitus. Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that compared an IFD with a regular diet or a continuous calorie restriction diet. The effectiveness of an IFD was estimated by the weighted mean difference (WMD) for several variables associated with glucometabolic parameters including body mass index (BMI) and fasting glucose. The pooled mean differences of outcomes were calculated using a random effects model. From 2814 studies identified through a literature search, we finally selected 12 articles (545 participants). Compared with a control diet, an IFD was associated with a significant decline in BMI (WMD, -0.75 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1.44 to -0.06), fasting glucose level (WMD, -4.16 mg/dL; 95% CI, -6.92 to -1.40), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (WMD, -0.54; 95% CI, -1.05 to -0.03). Fat mass (WMD, -0.98 kg; 95% CI, -2.32 to 0.36) tended to decrease in the IFD group with a significant increase in adiponectin (WMD, 1008.9 ng/mL; 95% CI, 140.5 to 1877.3) and a decrease in leptin (WMD, -0.51 ng/mL; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.24) levels. An IFD may provide a significant metabolic benefit by improving glycemic control, insulin resistance, and adipokine concentration with a reduction of BMI in adults.
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Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study.
Lumme, J, Sebert, S, Pesonen, P, Piltonen, T, Järvelin, MR, Herzig, KH, Auvinen, J, Ojaniemi, M, Niinimäki, M
Nutrients. 2019;11(11)
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Literature suggests that vitamin D may have a role in improving reproductive and metabolic health in affected women. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D status in 31-year-old women with self-reported PCOS symptoms and/or diagnosed PCOS, compared with non-PCOS controls. The study is a prospective population-based study which analysed the vitamin D sample of 1,246 31-year old women. Results indicate that women with PCOS had increased levels of metabolic risk factors such as high body mass index and insulin resistance. However, despite these metabolic derangements, women with PCOS have an adequate vitamin D status compared with the controls. Authors conclude that women with PCOS showed no greater tendency to vitamin D insufficiency than the controls.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence supports a role for vitamin D in women with reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but studies on large, unselected populations have been lacking. METHODS We conducted a general population-based study from the prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966). Serum 25-hydroksyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were evaluated in women with self-reported PCOS (n = 280) versus non-symptomatic controls (n = 1573) at the age of 31 with wide range of endocrine and metabolic confounders. RESULTS The levels of 25(OH)D were similar among women with and without self-reported PCOS (50.35 vs. 48.30 nmol/L, p = 0.051). Women with self-reported PCOS presented with a higher body mass index (BMI), increased insulin resistance, and low-grade inflammation and testosterone levels compared to controls. The adjusted linear regression model showed a positive association between total 25(OH)D levels in self-reported PCOS (β = 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 4.08, p = 0.003). The result remained after adjustment for BMI, testosterone, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. CONCLUSION In this population-based setting, PCOS was associated with higher vitamin D levels when adjusting for confounding factors, without distinct beneficial effects on metabolic derangements.
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App-technology to improve lifestyle behaviors among working adults - the Health Integrator study, a randomized controlled trial.
Bonn, SE, Löf, M, Östenson, CG, Trolle Lagerros, Y
BMC public health. 2019;19(1):273
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Lifestyle is the single most important factor to improve health and decrease premature death. Digital solutions for implementing lifestyle change and tracking different types of health data are becoming popular preventative initiatives. The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether a digital platform (The Health Integrator) accessible via a smartphone-app offering lifestyle intervention, with and without additional health coach guidance, can be used to make lifestyle changes and improve health related quality of life in gainfully employed persons. The Health Integrator intervention study is a three-arm parallel randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 1) intervention using Health Integrator and a monthly telephone session with the health coach during the 3 months of follow-up or 2) intervention using Health Integrator without extra health coach sessions or 3) control group which is not given any lifestyle advise during the intervention period. The study is still ongoing. However, mobile Health has been suggested as one way to take global action as it has the potential to make treatment and prevention widely accessible at a fraction of the current cost. In fact, Health Integrator was developed on the basis of previous research. Current literature shows that multi-component interventions including for example face-to-face counselling or provision of physical activity equipment in addition to an app, were more successful than a stand-alone app intervention.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile health, mHealth is recognized as a strategy to improve lifestyle behaviors. Research targeting specific lifestyle behaviors has shown that interventions using smartphones can be effective. However, few studies have evaluated solutions with multicomponent interventions, tailoring the intervention to the specific needs of the participant using a combination of mHealth and conventional treatment. To accomplish this, we developed Health Integrator, an mHealth platform with services and offers in the areas of diet, physical activity, sleeping habits, stress, alcohol and tobacco use. In the system, the user selects an area of intervention together with a health coach and set weekly goals. This study protocol presents the design and methodology of the Health Integrator Study, a randomized controlled trial to promote improved lifestyle behaviors. METHODS A three-arm parallel randomized controlled trial (1:1:1) is conducted in the Stockholm County, Sweden. In total, 209 employees at a four different companies representing both white and blue collar workers, have been recruited. Participants are randomized to either a control group or to one of two intervention groups receiving a 3-month lifestyle behavior change program including either 1) use of Health Integrator and monthly health coaching sessions or 2) only Health Integrator. At baseline and follow-up after 3- and 6-months, all participants answer questionnaires assessing lifestyle behaviors and quality of life. At baseline and the 3-month follow-up (end of intervention period), weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure are measured, and all participants wear an Actigraph accelerometer for 7 days to assess physical activity. Blood lipid profile and HbA1c are measured among all participants at baseline. If baseline measures fall outside the normal range, a second measurement is done after 3 months. DISCUSSION The Health Integrator Intervention Study will evaluate if a personalized intervention combining mHealth and conventional programs for lifestyle change, with or without additional health coach sessions, can improve lifestyle behaviors and quality of life. Based on the results from this trial, Health Integrator can easily be implemented within a broad public. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03579342 . Retrospectively registered, first submitted May 8, 2018.
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Acute Effects of Three Cooked Non-Cereal Starchy Foods on Postprandial Glycemic Responses and in Vitro Carbohydrate Digestion in Comparison with Whole Grains: A Randomized Trial.
Zhu, R, Fan, Z, Han, Y, Li, S, Li, G, Wang, L, Ye, T, Zhao, W
Nutrients. 2019;11(3)
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The consumption of refined rice is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is prone to cause hyperglycaemia after meals, even in healthy adults. Whereas whole grains and pulses were reported to reduce the risk of T2D and relatively mild postprandial (after a meal) glycaemic responses. The main aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of integrating the three non-cereal starchy food i.e. the lotus seed, adlay, and dried lily bulb into a glycaemic management diet, and compare their glycaemic characteristics with millet, waxy black rice and adzuki bean. The study is single-blind randomised crossover design study which recruited ten young women aged between 18 and 26 years. Sequentially numbered containers were used to implement the random allocation sequence. Results indicate that out of the 3 starchy foods tested in the study, only the lotus seed meals could be regarded as low-glycaemic index food compared to the adzuki bean meals. Furthermore, the cooked dried lily bulb, adlay, black rice and millet resulted as high-glycaemic index, regardless of the cooking duration. Authors conclude that careful choice of whole grain materials, minimized pre-soaking, and moderate cooking may be critical factors for successful glycaemic management for people of impaired glucose management.
Abstract
Plant origin, processing, and domestic preparation may affect the postprandial glycemic response (PGR) of starchy foods. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of integrating domestically cooked non-cereal starchy foods commonly consumed in Northeast Asia into glycemic management diet, and compare their glycemic characteristics with those of waxy and non-waxy whole grains and starchy beans. In a randomized crossover trial, ten healthy subjects consumed dried lily bulb (LB), lotus seed (LS), adlay (AD), waxy black rice (BR), millet (MI), and adzuki bean (AB), pre-soaked and each cooked for two time durations. Acute PGR tests and in vitro carbohydrate digestion were carried out for each test food. Both the LS and AB meals achieved low glycemic index (GI 21⁻51), while the other starchy foods failed to show significant difference with rice (GI 83⁻109). The hydrolysis indexes of LS and AB were 37.7%⁻61.1%, significantly lower than other test foods. The in vitro tests indicated that pre-soaking resulted in high rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and low resistant starch (RS). Careful choice of whole grain materials, minimized pre-soaking, and moderate cooking may be critical factors for successful postprandial glycemic management for diabetic and pre-diabetic.
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Dietary supplementation with inulin-propionate ester or inulin improves insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity with distinct effects on the gut microbiota, plasma metabolome and systemic inflammatory responses: a randomised cross-over trial.
Chambers, ES, Byrne, CS, Morrison, DJ, Murphy, KG, Preston, T, Tedford, C, Garcia-Perez, I, Fountana, S, Serrano-Contreras, JI, Holmes, E, et al
Gut. 2019;68(8):1430-1438
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Literature shows that higher intakes of dietary fibre are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. The main aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind improvements in glucose homeostasis following long-term delivery of propionate (a short-chain fatty acid produced by human gut microbiota in response to dietary fibre) to the human colon. The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross over trial. Fourteen participants randomly received 20 g/day of a low-fermentable fibre control, a high-fermentable fibre control and inulin-propionate ester (IPE) for 42 days each. Results indicate that stool concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were not different following the three supplementation periods. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 20 g/day IPE promoted no superior impacts on measures of glucose homeostasis compared with inulin (high-fermentable fibre), yet both IPE and inulin improved insulin resistance relative to cellulose (low-fermentable fibre). Authors conclude that manipulating the colonic fermentation profile of a dietary fibre in favour of propionate promotes selective effects on the mechanisms that contribute to metabolic dysregulation.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms behind changes in glucose homeostasis with delivery of propionate to the human colon by comprehensive and coordinated analysis of gut bacterial composition, plasma metabolome and immune responses. DESIGN Twelve non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity received 20 g/day of inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to selectively deliver propionate to the colon, a high-fermentable fibre control (inulin) and a low-fermentable fibre control (cellulose) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome measurements of metabolic responses, inflammatory markers and gut bacterial composition were analysed at the end of each 42-day supplementation period. RESULTS Both IPE and inulin supplementation improved insulin resistance compared with cellulose supplementation, measured by homeostatic model assessment 2 (mean±SEM 1.23±0.17 IPE vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.001; 1.17±0.15 inulin vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.009), with no differences between IPE and inulin (p=0.272). Fasting insulin was only associated positively with plasma tyrosine and negatively with plasma glycine following inulin supplementation. IPE supplementation decreased proinflammatory interleukin-8 levels compared with cellulose, while inulin had no impact on the systemic inflammatory markers studied. Inulin promoted changes in gut bacterial populations at the class level (increased Actinobacteria and decreased Clostridia) and order level (decreased Clostridiales) compared with cellulose, with small differences at the species level observed between IPE and cellulose. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a distinctive physiological impact of raising colonic propionate delivery in humans, as improvements in insulin sensitivity promoted by IPE and inulin were accompanied with different effects on the plasma metabolome, gut bacterial populations and markers of systemic inflammation.
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Assessment of sleep and obesity in adults and children: Observational study.
Bonanno, L, Metro, D, Papa, M, Finzi, G, Maviglia, A, Sottile, F, Corallo, F, Manasseri, L
Medicine. 2019;98(46):e17642
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Sleep is essential to support the functions and health of the entire body. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sleep duration and quality, and overweight risk and obesity in children and adults. The study was conducted on secondary school children. It involved 199 subjects of which 71 were adults (29 males and 42 females) with age between 29 and 65 years, and 128 children (73 males and 55 females) with age between 10 and 13 years. Results indicate that the duration and quality of sleep can represent a risk factor of overweight and obesity in examined subjects (both adults and children irrespective of their gender). Authors conclude that sufficient sleep is required to maintain a normal weight.
Abstract
The sleep allows many psychological processes, such as immune system activity, body metabolism and hormonal balance, emotional and mental health, learning, mnemonic processes. The lack of sleep could undermine mental and physical purposes, causing an alteration in cognitive functions or metabolic disorders. In our study, we have examined the irregular sleep effects with the overweight and obesity risk in children and adults.The sample was composed of 199 subjects, of which 71 adults, (29 males and 42 females), and 128 children (73 males and 55 females). We have measured the weight and height with standard techniques; we also have measured the body mass index dividing the weight in kg with the height square expressed in meters (kg/m). Subjects were divided into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. Were administered some questionnaires to measure the quantity and quality of sleep, and eating habits and individual consumption of food.Analysis of demographic variables not showed significant differences between male and female groups but highlighted a significant trend differences in normal-weight score. The clinical condition has a substantial impact on body mass index score and sleep hours were significant predictor on this.Quantity and quality sleep can also represent a risk factor of overweight and obesity, so sufficient sleep is a factor that influence a normal weight. Adults and children that sleep less, have an increase in obesity and overweight risk with dysfunctional eating behaviors, decreased physical activity, and metabolic changes.
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Cashew apple juice supplementation enhances leukocyte count by reducing oxidative stress after high-intensity exercise in trained and untrained men.
Prasertsri, P, Roengrit, T, Kanpetta, Y, Tong-Un, T, Muchimapura, S, Wattanathorn, J, Leelayuwat, N
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019;16(1):31
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High-intensity aerobic training has been shown to suppress leukocyte counts in moderately fit athletes. The aim of this study to explore possible advantageous effects of cashew apple juice (CAJ) supplementation, and, if present, to identify the possible mechanisms underlying those effects. The study is a double-blind randomised cross-over design with two treatment arms: CAJ supplementation and placebo. Ten moderately (endurance) trained and untrained men were randomized to one of the two groups for four weeks, with a four-week wash out period. Results showed that CAJ supplementation for four weeks increased leukocyte (a type of blood cell) counts, while simultaneously decreasing oxidative stress, following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in trained men. Furthermore, the CAJ supplementation increased neutrophil (a type of white blood cell) counts while simultaneously reducing oxidative stress and stress hormone concentrations in untrained men. The antioxidant effects following exercise were observed in both endurance-trained and untrained men. Authors conclude that CAJ supplementation is beneficial to men, both in resting states and in response to an acute bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cashew apple juice (CAJ) was shown to improve immunological mechanisms by regulating a balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant concentrations. However, no study exploring the effects of the CAJ and training status on the immune system and oxidative stress induced by exercise. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CAJ supplementation primarily on leukocyte counts and secondary on oxidative stress and cortisol changes after high-intensity exercise in trained and untrained men. METHODS Ten moderately (endurance) trained (Age = 21.5 ± 0.97 yr., VO2max = 45.6 ± 4.12 mL/kgBM/min) and ten sedentary men (Age = 20.4 ± 2.72 yr., VO2peak = 32.2 ± 7.26 mL/kgBM/min) were randomized to ingest either daily CAJ or a placebo at 3.5 mL/kgBM/day for 4 weeks, with a four-week washout period. Before and after each period, they performed 20-min, high-intensity cycling (85% VO2max), with blood samples collected immediately preceding and the following exercise. Samples were analyzed to determine leukocyte counts, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, and cortisol concentrations. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of supplement and training status over time with an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS There was no interaction between supplement and training status on those variables before and after exercise. However, CAJ raised resting neutrophil counts and exercise-induced leukocyte counts in the trained group (all p < 0.05). Besides, CAJ significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde concentrations at rest and after exercise and reduced the post-exercise plasma 8-isoprostane concentration in both groups of subjects (p < 0.05). Moreover, CAJ reduced plasma cortisol after exercise in the untrained subjects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that 4-week CAJ supplementation can enhance exercise-induced leukocyte and resting neutrophil counts in trained men. The possible mechanism is a reduction in oxidative stress. However, the supplementation did not change the immune responses of untrained men, but it did reduce stress hormone concentrations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER TCTR20181127002 Registered 26 November 2018 "retrospectively registered".
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Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults.
Ha, K, Song, Y
Nutrients. 2019;11(10)
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The timing of food intake appears to affect the robustness of circadian rhythms in metabolic organs, and circadian rhythm disruption is emerging as a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease. As major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, obesity and metabolic syndrome are critical worldwide issues. In Korea, 3 in 10 adults have obesity or the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to explore meal timing and frequency using various variables, including nightly fasting duration and specific time periods such as morning and night, and to examine their associations with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults using national survey data. The study used data from the 2013–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is a continuous annual survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Results indicated that a greater number of eating episodes was associated with lower prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in men. Furthermore, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was inversely associated with morning eating in both men and women, whereas it was positively associated with night eating in men. Authors conclude that having desirable eating patterns, including eating in the morning and avoiding eating after 21:00, and an appropriate sleep schedule may be helpful for reducing the risks of obesity and metabolic syndrome, independently of fasting duration.
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that meal timing is linked to cardiometabolic risks by deterioration of circadian rhythms, however limited evidence is available in humans. This large-scale cross-sectional study explored the associations of meal timing and frequency with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Meal timing was defined as nightly fasting duration and morning, evening, and night eating, and meal frequency was estimated as the number of daily eating episodes using a single-day 24-hour dietary recall method. Meal frequency was inversely associated with prevalence of abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, and elevated triglycerides in men only. Independent of the nightly fasting duration and eating episodes, morning eating was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.93 for men and OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54-0.89 for women) than no morning eating, whereas night eating was associated with a 48% higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15-1.90) than no night eating in men only. Longer fasting duration and less sleep were associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that overall eating patterns, including energy distribution across the day, eating frequency, and sleep duration, rather than fasting duration alone, are related to cardiometabolic risks in free-living Korean adults.