-
1.
Treatment of obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease with a diet or orlistat: A randomized controlled trial.
Feng, X, Lin, Y, Zhuo, S, Dong, Z, Shao, C, Ye, J, Zhong, B
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2023;117(4):691-700
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is characterised by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Weight management by the treatment to target strategy through lifestyle intervention remains the primary approach for MAFLD treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a conventional energy-restricted diet (the control group), orlistat, and an experimental diet in the Asian population with obesity and MAFLD. This study was a prospective, open-label, monocentric randomised controlled study. Participants (n = 118) were randomly assigned to the control (n = 39), orlistat (n = 40), or experimental diet (n = 39) groups at a 1:1:1 allocation. Results showed that: - orlistat and the experimental diet were superior to lifestyle intervention in ameliorating liver steatosis [fatty liver]. - the experimental diet had an advantage over lifestyle intervention when patients adhered to the diet. - orlistat was superior to the experimental diet and lifestyle modifications in decreasing liver fat content. Authors conclude that more multicentre, large-scale, prospective studies are needed to verify the long-term efficacy and safety of the experimental diet and orlistat treatment in subjects with MAFLD.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Losing weight by lifestyle interventions is the first-line treatment for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) but is limited by low compliance. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the effects of orlistat or an experimental high-protein/lower-carbohydrate diet with a control diet in Asian patients with obesity and MAFLD. METHODS A total of 118 Asian patients with obesity and MAFLD confirmed with MRI-based proton density fat fraction with Dixon sequence were enrolled and allocated to the control group, the orlistat group, or the experimental diet group for 24 wk. The primary endpoint was the relative change in liver fat content (LFC) assessed by MRI-based proton density fat fraction. RESULTS A total of 118 subjects with obesity and MAFLD were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 39), the orlistat group (n = 40), or the experimental diet group (n = 39). All 3 groups demonstrated improvement in liver steatosis at wk 24. The absolute decrease in LFC in the orlistat group was 9.1% and 5.4% in the experimental diet group, both significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative reduction in LFC was 30.2% in the experimental diet group, which was significantly higher than the 12.2% observed in the control group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Orlistat and the experimental diet group reduced liver steatosis compared to the control group. This trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-1900027172). http://www.chictr.org.cn.
-
2.
The Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Following Weight Change in Adults with Diabetes: Results from ADVANCE.
Lee, AK, Woodward, M, Wang, D, Ohkuma, T, Warren, B, Sharrett, AR, Williams, B, Marre, M, Hamet, P, Harrap, S, et al
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2020;105(1)
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by metabolic dysregulation resulting in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease The objectives of this study were: a. to determine whether weight change over 2 years was associated with subsequent cardiovascular outcomes and death in adults with diabetes, and b. to examine whether this association was modified by baseline body mass index (BMI), age, or type of glucose-lowering medications. This study is a large prospective study of adults with type 2 diabetes. One arm tested the effects of intensive glucose lowering versus standard glucose control. Whereas the second arm tested the effects of blood pressure-lowering medication versus a placebo. Results showed that that >10% weight loss was associated with >2 times higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and was associated with 75% greater risk of major macrovascular events, compared with adults with stable weight. These associations were not significantly modified by metformin use, age, or baseline BMI. Authors conclude that unless patients specifically report lifestyle changes to lose weight, even modest weight loss may be a marker of declining health for which further clinical investigation is merited.
Abstract
CONTEXT Weight loss is strongly recommended for overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Unintentional weight loss is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, but few studies have examined its association with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2-year weight change and subsequent risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in established type 2 diabetes. DESIGN AND SETTING The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation was an international, multisite 2×2 factorial trial of intensive glucose control and blood pressure control. We examined 5 categories of 2-year weight change: >10% loss, 4% to 10% loss, stable (±<4%), 4% to 10% gain, and >10% gain. We used Cox regression with follow-up time starting at 2 years, adjusting for intervention arm, demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes medication use from the 2-year visit. RESULTS Among 10 081 participants with valid weight measurements, average age was 66 years. By the 2-year examination, 4.3% had >10% weight loss, 18.4% had 4% to 10% weight loss, and 5.3% had >10% weight gain. Over the following 3 years of the trial, >10% weight loss was strongly associated with major macrovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.44), cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.87-4.09), all-cause mortality (HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.10-3.71), but not major microvascular events (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.61-1.36), compared with stable weight. There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline body mass index, age, or type of diabetes medication. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of substantial lifestyle changes, weight loss may be a warning sign of poor health meriting further workup in patients with type 2 diabetes.
-
3.
Effects of Some Food Components on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study.
Mirizzi, A, Franco, I, Leone, CM, Bonfiglio, C, Cozzolongo, R, Notarnicola, M, Giannuzzi, V, Tutino, V, De Nunzio, V, Bruno, I, et al
Nutrients. 2019;11(11)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive hepatic (liver) fat accumulation. Lifestyle interventions are the only known effective treatment for NAFLD. The aim of this study was to estimate associations between the consumption of some food group components with the grade of severity in NAFLD subjects. The study is a cross-sectional nutritional randomised clinical trial, which enrolled 136 subjects (79 males) with moderate or severe NAFLD. Results showed that some food group components were associated with a lower or a higher risk of developing severe NAFLD, and that, within the same food group, some components with a protective or promoter action are present. Authors conclude that their findings could help to elaborate personalised dietary counselling to treat NAFLD.
Abstract
Background: The high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) observed in Western countries is due to the concurrent epidemics of overweight/obesity and associated metabolic complications, both recognized risk factors. A Western dietary pattern has been associated with weight gain and obesity, and more recently with NAFLD. Methods: This is a baseline cross-sectional analysis of 136 subjects (79 males) enrolled consecutively in the NUTRIATT (NUTRItion and Ac-TiviTy) study. Study subjects had moderate or severe NAFLD diagnosed by using Fibroscan-CAP. Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain information about food intake. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: The mean age was 49.58 (±10.18) with a mean BMI of 33.41 (±4.74). A significant inverse relationship was revealed between winter ice-cream intake and NAFLD severity (O.R. 0.65, 95% C.I. 0.95-0.99); chickpeas intake and NAFLD severity (O.R. 0.57, 95% C.I. 0.34-0.97), and not industrial aged-cheeses type (O.R. 0.85, 95% C.I. 0.74-0.98). A statistically significant positive association also emerged between rabbit meat (O.R. 1.23, 95% C.I. 1.01-1.49), industrial type aged cheeses (O.R. 1.17, 95% C.I. 1.01-1.35), milk-based desserts (no winter ice cream) (O.R. 1.11, 95% C.I. 1.01-1.21), fats (O.R. 1.12, 95% C.I. 1.01-1.25), and NAFLD severity. Conclusion: The fresh foods from non-intensive farming and high legume intake that characterize the Mediterranean diet would seem to be beneficial for patients with NAFLD.
-
4.
Dietary fiber intake and glycemic control: coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes (CACTI) study.
Basu, A, Alman, AC, Snell-Bergeon, JK
Nutrition journal. 2019;18(1):23
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The incidence of type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the major vascular complication of diabetes, have been increasing wordwide. The aim of the study is to identify the associations of dietary fibre with glycaemic control. The study is a cross-sectional longitudinal study which enrolled 1257 individuals in the cross-sectional analysis and a total of 990 participants were included in the longitudinal analysis. The participants had no known history of coronary heart disease. Results indicate an inverse association between total fibre intake and the average blood glucose levels for the last two to three months in both diabetic and nondiabetic participants. Authors conclude that their study provides some evidence on the role dietary fibre intake plays on glycaemic control, which is important in the management of type 1 diabetes in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber has been recommended for glucose control, and typically low intakes are observed in the general population. The role of fiber in glycemic control in reported literature is inconsistent and few reports are available in populations with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Using data from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study [n = 1257; T1D: n = 568; non-diabetic controls: n = 689] collected between March 2000 and April 2002, we examined cross-sectional (baseline) and longitudinal (six-year follow-up in 2006-2008) associations of dietary fiber and HbA1c. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire, and a physical examination and fasting biochemical analyses (12 h fast) at baseline visit and at the year 6 visit. We used a linear regression model stratified by diabetes status, and adjusted for age, sex and total calories, and diabetes duration in the T1D group. We also examined correlations of dietary fiber with HbA1c. RESULTS Baseline dietary fiber intake and serum HbA1c in the T1D group were 16 g [median (IQ): 11-22 g) and 7.9 ± 1.3% mean (SD), respectively, and in the non-diabetic controls were 15 g [median (IQ): 11-21 g) and 5.4 ± 0.4%, respectively. Pearson partial correlation coefficients revealed a significant but weak inverse association of total dietary fiber with HbA1c when adjusted for age, sex, diabetes status and total calories (r = - 0.07, p = 0.01). In the adjusted linear regression model at baseline, total dietary fiber revealed a significant inverse association with HbA1c in the T1D group [β ± SE = - 0.32 ± 0.15, p = 0.034], as well as in the non-diabetic controls [- 0.10 ± 0.04, p = 0.009]. However, these results were attenuated after adjustment for dietary carbohydrates, fats and proteins, or for cholesterol and triglycerides. No such significance was observed at the year 6 follow-up, and with the HbA1c changes over 6 years. CONCLUSION Thus, at observed levels of intake, total dietary fiber reveals modest inverse associations with poor glycemic control. Future studies must further investigate the role of overall dietary quality adjusting for fiber-rich foods in T1D management.
-
5.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Vegan Diet Versus the American Heart Association-Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease Trial.
Shah, B, Newman, JD, Woolf, K, Ganguzza, L, Guo, Y, Allen, N, Zhong, J, Fisher, EA, Slater, J
Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018;7(23):e011367
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Inflammation plays a central role in the progression of atherosclerosis and is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a vegan versus American Heart Association (AHA)-recommended diet on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) [a type of protein found in blood plasma], as well as other markers of inflammation, glucometabolic markers, and lipid profiles in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) on guideline-directed medical therapy. This study is a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point study design. The active study duration was 8 weeks, with an interim visit at 4 weeks and a final visit at 8 weeks. Results show: - a significantly greater reduction in hsCRP with a vegan versus AHA-recommended diet in patients with established CAD on guideline-directed medical therapy. - that the degree of weight loss, as measured by both body mass index and waist circumference, did not significantly differ between the 2 diet groups. - that markers of glycaemic control and lipid profiles, overall, also did not significantly differ in the vegan diet group when compared with the AHA-recommended diet group. Authors conclude that in patients with CAD and an elevated hsCRP, despite guideline-directed medical therapy, a vegan diet may be considered to further lower the parameters of inflammation.
Abstract
Background Dietary interventions may play a role in secondary cardiovascular prevention. hsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive protein) is a marker of risk for major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in coronary artery disease. Methods and Results The open-label, blinded end-point, EVADE CAD (Effects of a Vegan Versus the American Heart Association-Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease) trial randomized participants (n=100) with coronary artery disease to 8 weeks of a vegan or American Heart Association-recommended diet with provision of groceries, tools to measure dietary intake, and dietary counseling. The primary end point was high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. A linear regression model compared end points after 8 weeks of a vegan versus American Heart Association diet and adjusted for baseline concentration of the end point. Significance levels for the primary and secondary end points were set at 0.05 and 0.0015, respectively. A vegan diet resulted in a significant 32% lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β, 0.68, 95% confidence interval [0.49-0.94]; P=0.02) when compared with the American Heart Association diet. Results were consistent after adjustment for age, race, baseline waist circumference, diabetes mellitus, and prior myocardial infarction (adjusted β, 0.67 [0.47-0.94], P=0.02). The degree of reduction in body mass index and waist circumference did not significantly differ between the 2 diet groups (adjusted β, 0.99 [0.97-1.00], P=0.10; and adjusted β, 1.00 [0.98-1.01], P=0.66, respectively). There were also no significant differences in markers of glycemic control between the 2 diet groups. There was a nonsignificant 13% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the vegan diet when compared with the American Heart Association diet (adjusted β, 0.87 [0.78-0.97], P=0.01). There were no significant differences in other lipid parameters. Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease on guideline-directed medical therapy, a vegan diet may be considered to lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk marker of adverse outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02135939.
-
6.
The effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Myette-Côté, É, Durrer, C, Neudorf, H, Bammert, TD, Botezelli, JD, Johnson, JD, DeSouza, CA, Little, JP
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2018;315(6):R1210-R1219
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and related complications. Lifestyle therapy is a frontline treatment for improving glucose control in people with T2D. The main aim of this study was to determine whether reducing hyperglycaemia with a low-carbohydrate high-fat (LC) diet could lower markers of innate immune cell activation and systemic inflammation in people with T2D. A secondary aim was to examine if the combination of an LCHF diet with strategically timed postmeal walking was superior to an LCHF diet alone. The study is a randomised cross over study which enrolled Individuals with physician-diagnosed T2D to complete three short-term controlled-intervention periods. Sixteen participants were enrolled (men = 8 and women = 8) who were aged between 48 and 72 years. Results indicate that while LC and LC together with exercise (LC+Ex) led to superior improvements in glucose control and fasting proinsulin (the pro-hormone precursor to insulin) levels as compared with low-fat low glycaemic index diet (GL), all three diets (GL, LC and LC+Ex), appeared to lower a particular marker of cellular inflammation over the short-term. Authors conclude that an LCHF diet with or without daily postmeal walks improved four-day glycaemic control and fasting proinsulin levels compared with a GL diet.
Abstract
Lowering carbohydrate consumption effectively lowers glucose, but impacts on inflammation are unclear. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine whether reducing hyperglycemia by following a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet could lower markers of innate immune cell activation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 2) examine if the combination of an LC diet with strategically timed postmeal walking was superior to an LC diet alone. Participants with T2D ( n = 11) completed a randomized crossover study involving three 4-day diet interventions: 1) low-fat low-glycemic index (GL), 2) and 3) LC with 15-min postmeal walks (LC+Ex). Four-day mean glucose was significantly lower in the LC+Ex group as compared with LC (-5%, P < 0.05), whereas both LC+Ex (-16%, P < 0.001) and LC (-12%, P < 0.001) conditions were lower than GL. A significant main effect of time was observed for peripheral blood mononuclear cells phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( P < 0.001), with decreases in all three conditions (GL: -32%, LC: -45%, and LC+Ex: -44%). A significant condition by time interaction was observed for monocyte microparticles ( P = 0.040) with a significant decrease in GL (-76%, P = 0.035) and a tendency for a reduction in LC (-70%, P = 0.064), whereas there was no significant change in LC+Ex (0.5%, P = 0.990). Both LC (-27%, P = 0.001) and LC+Ex (-35%, P = 0.005) also led to significant reductions in circulating proinsulin. An LC diet improved 4-day glycemic control and fasting proinsulin levels when compared with GL, with added glucose-lowering benefits when LC was combined with postmeal walking.
-
7.
Carbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes.
Francois, ME, Myette-Cote, E, Bammert, TD, Durrer, C, Neudorf, H, DeSouza, CA, Little, JP
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. 2018;314(1):H105-H113
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major treatment goal. Within this, diet and exercise remain the cornerstone lifestyle therapies. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 4 days of a low-carbohydrate diet, with or without daily post-meal walking, on vascular health in individuals with T2D. The study recruited sixteen individuals with physician-diagnosed T2D to complete 3 short-term controlled intervention periods in a randomised crossover design. Results indicate that attenuating postprandial hyperglycaemia (a very high rise in blood sugar following a meal) by restricting carbohydrates and post-meal walking can improve vascular health in individuals with T2D. Authors conclude that carbohydrate restriction and post-meal exercise may represent an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of postprandial hyperglycaemia and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with T2D.
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on endothelial function. Restricting carbohydrate intake and postmeal walking have each been shown to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, but their combination and subsequent effects on endothelial function have not been investigated. Here, we sought to examine the effect of blunting postprandial hyperglycemia by following a low-carbohydrate diet, with or without postmeal walking exercise, on markers of vascular health in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a randomized crossover design, individuals with T2D ( n = 11) completed three 4-day controlled diet interventions consisting of 1) low-carbohydrate diet alone (LC), 2) low-carbohydrate diet with 15-min postmeal walks (LC + Ex), and 3) low-fat control diet (CON). Fasting blood samples and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) were measured before and after each intervention. Total circulating microparticles (MPs), endothelial MPs, platelet MPs, monocyte-platelet aggregates, and adhesion molecules were assessed as biomarkers of vascular health. There was a significant condition × time interaction for %FMD ( P = 0.01), with post hoc tests revealing improved %FMD after LC + Ex (+0.8 ± 1.0%, P = 0.02), with no change after LC or CON. Endothelial MPs were significantly reduced with the LC diet by ~45% (from 99 ± 60 to 44 ± 31 MPs/μl, P = 0.02), with no change after LC + Ex or CON (interaction: P = 0.04). Total MPs were lower (main effect time: P = 0.02), whereas monocyte-platelet aggregates were higher (main effect time: P < 0.01) after all interventions. Plasma adhesion molecules and C-reactive protein were unaltered. Attenuating postprandial hyperglycemic excursions using a low-carbohydrate diet combined with postmeal walking appears to be an effective strategy to improve endothelial function in individuals with T2D. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carbohydrate restriction and postmeal walking lower postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Here, we show that the combination significantly improved endothelial function and that carbohydrate restriction alone reduced circulating endothelial microparticles in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/low-carb-diet-and-exercise-improve-endothelial-health/ .
-
8.
The Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Response among Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
ELDerawi, WA, Naser, IA, Taleb, MH, Abutair, AS
Nutrients. 2018;11(1)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both leading to high levels of blood glucose. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of adding magnesium supplementation to the normal daily diet of patients with type 2 diabetes for a period of 3 months. The study is a randomised controlled trial that included 42 patients, aged between 35 – 60 years, who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups; magnesium supplementation group or the control group. Results showed that in the intervention group, there was a significant reduction in the blood calcium levels, while there was a significant increase in the blood magnesium levels. These results led to a significant reduction in the calcium to magnesium ratio. The authors conclude that magnesium supplementation reduced insulin resistance and improved glycaemic control indicators among type 2 diabetes patients.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium (Mg) supplementation may help control glycemic response among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. OBJECTIVE This study means to determine whether Mg supplementation improves glycemic control indicators in patients with T2D. METHODS After one week of the dietary stabilization phase, 42 T2D patients were stratified according to sex, age, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and Mg levels and then randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group was on 250 mg/day of elemental Mg for three months while the control group did not receive any type of supplements throughout the intervention period. RESULTS The daily administration of 250 mg of elemental Mg indicated a significant improvement in HbA1C (8.32 to 7.96%, p < 0.001), insulin levels (IL) (15.56 to 12.18 μIU/mL, p < 0.001), C-peptide (2.28 to 1.90 ng/mL, p = 0.001), HOMA.IR (6.16 to 4.44, p < 0.001) and HOMA.β% (59.99 to 52.37, p = 0.036) of the intervention group when compared with the control group after three months of intervention. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed that oral Mg supplementation reduces insulin resistance and improves the glycemic control indicators among T2D patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION current controlled trials PHRC/HC/32/15. Registered 5 October 2015.
-
9.
Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Association with Dietary Intake in a Longitudinal Study of Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.
Sanjeevi, N, Lipsky, LM, Nansel, TR
Nutrients. 2018;10(10)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 1 diabetes, whose risk is several-fold higher than the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships of CVD biomarkers with overall diet quality, and its dietary components in youth with type 1 diabetes. This study is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial of a family-based behavioural nutrition intervention. The control group had an equal frequency of contact with the research staff but did not receive any nutrition advice besides that included as part of regular type 1 diabetes care. Results indicate that greater intake of whole grains and whole fruits, and lower added sugar and polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with more favourable CVD biomarkers. Authors conclude that overall diet quality was not associated with CVD biomarkers in youth with type 1 diabetes. However, specific dietary components were associated with CVD biomarkers, independent of glycaemic control.
Abstract
Despite cardioprotective effects of a healthy diet in the general population, few studies have investigated this relationship in individuals with type 1 diabetes, who are at elevated risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to examine the association of CVD biomarkers with overall diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), and its dietary components in youth with type 1 diabetes. Youth with type 1 diabetes (n = 136, 8⁻16.9 years) were enrolled in an 18-month behavioral nutrition intervention trial. Dietary intake from three-day diet records, CVD biomarkers (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. Linear mixed-effects models estimated associations of dietary intake with CVD biomarkers, adjusting for HbA1c and other covariates. Separate models estimated associations of time-varying change in dietary intake with time-varying change in CVD biomarkers. HEI-2015 was not associated with CVD biomarkers, but whole grain intake was inversely associated with TC, HDL-C and DBP, and a greater increase in whole fruit intake was associated with lower DBP. Added sugar, saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat were positively related to serum TG, HDL-C, and DBP, respectively. Findings suggest that the intake of specific dietary components, including whole grains, whole fruits, added sugar and PUFA, may influence cardiometabolic health in youth with type 1 diabetes, independent of glycemic control.
-
10.
Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males.
Moro, T, Tinsley, G, Bianco, A, Marcolin, G, Pacelli, QF, Battaglia, G, Palma, A, Gentil, P, Neri, M, Paoli, A
Journal of translational medicine. 2016;14(1):290
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) allows subjects to consume ad libitum energy intake within a defined window of time, which means a fasting window of 12–21 h per day is employed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an isoenergetic TRF protocol on body composition, athletic performance, and metabolic factors during resistance training in healthy resistance trained males. The study enrolled thirty-four resistance-trained males. The participants were randomly assigned to a TRF group (n = 17) or standard diet group (n = 17). Training was standardized for both groups. Results indicate that after 8 weeks, a significant decrease in fat mass was observed in the TRF group, while fat-free mass was maintained in both groups. The same trend was observed for arm and thigh muscle cross-sectional area. Leg press maximal strength increased significantly, but no difference was present between treatments. Authors conclude that TRF can maintain muscle mass, reducing body fat, and reducing inflammation markers and anabolic hormones. This kind of regimen could be adopted by athletes during maintenance phases of training in which the goal is to maintain muscle mass while reducing fat mass.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting (IF) is an increasingly popular dietary approach used for weight loss and overall health. While there is an increasing body of evidence demonstrating beneficial effects of IF on blood lipids and other health outcomes in the overweight and obese, limited data are available about the effect of IF in athletes. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the effects of a modified IF protocol (i.e. time-restricted feeding) during resistance training in healthy resistance-trained males. METHODS Thirty-four resistance-trained males were randomly assigned to time-restricted feeding (TRF) or normal diet group (ND). TRF subjects consumed 100 % of their energy needs in an 8-h period of time each day, with their caloric intake divided into three meals consumed at 1 p.m., 4 p.m., and 8 p.m. The remaining 16 h per 24-h period made up the fasting period. Subjects in the ND group consumed 100 % of their energy needs divided into three meals consumed at 8 a.m., 1 p.m., and 8 p.m. Groups were matched for kilocalories consumed and macronutrient distribution (TRF 2826 ± 412.3 kcal/day, carbohydrates 53.2 ± 1.4 %, fat 24.7 ± 3.1 %, protein 22.1 ± 2.6 %, ND 3007 ± 444.7 kcal/day, carbohydrates 54.7 ± 2.2 %, fat 23.9 ± 3.5 %, protein 21.4 ± 1.8). Subjects were tested before and after 8 weeks of the assigned diet and standardized resistance training program. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle area of the thigh and arm were measured using an anthropometric system. Total and free testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, blood glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Bench press and leg press maximal strength, resting energy expenditure, and respiratory ratio were also tested. RESULTS After 8 weeks, the 2 Way ANOVA (Time * Diet interaction) showed a decrease in fat mass in TRF compared to ND (p = 0.0448), while fat-free mass, muscle area of the arm and thigh, and maximal strength were maintained in both groups. Testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 decreased significantly in TRF, with no changes in ND (p = 0.0476; p = 0.0397). Adiponectin increased (p = 0.0000) in TRF while total leptin decreased (p = 0.0001), although not when adjusted for fat mass. Triiodothyronine decreased in TRF, but no significant changes were detected in thyroid-stimulating hormone, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, or triglycerides. Resting energy expenditure was unchanged, but a significant decrease in respiratory ratio was observed in the TRF group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an intermittent fasting program in which all calories are consumed in an 8-h window each day, in conjunction with resistance training, could improve some health-related biomarkers, decrease fat mass, and maintain muscle mass in resistance-trained males.