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Meta-Analysis Reveals Compositional and Functional Microbial Changes Associated with Osteoporosis.
Akinsuyi, OS, Roesch, LFW
Microbiology spectrum. 2023;11(3):e0032223
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Osteoporosis (OP) is the most common metabolic bone disease associated with aging. Microbiome dysbiosis leading to impaired intestinal immune responses and subsequent production of osteoclastogenic cytokines has been proposed as the mechanism by which gut microbes are associated with osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to identify gut bacteria consistently associated with osteoporosis across different cohorts. This study was a meta-analysis of five studies. Results showed that gut microbial dysbiosis in osteoporosis patients is associated with functional changes, which result in significant changes in metabolites that play a key role in bone metabolism. Authors concluded that their findings set the stage for future studies to provide more comprehensive knowledge on how dysbiosis in the gut microbiome contributes to osteoporosis.
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of the gut microbiota in many disease states has gained a great deal of attention. Mounting evidence from case-control and observational studies has linked changes in the gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis (OP). Nonetheless, the results of these studies contain discrepancies, leaving the literature without a consensus on osteoporosis-associated microbial signatures. Here, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis combining and reexamining five publicly available 16S rRNA partial sequence data sets to identify gut bacteria consistently associated with osteoporosis across different cohorts. After adjusting for the batch effect associated with technical variation and heterogeneity of studies, we observed a significant shift in the microbiota composition in the osteoporosis group. An increase in the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens Clostridium sensu stricto, Bacteroides, and Intestinibacter was observed in the OP group. Moreover, short-chain-fatty-acid (SCFA) producers, including members of the genera Collinsella, Megasphaera, Agathobaculum, Mediterraneibacter, Clostridium XIV, and Dorea, were depleted in the OP group relative to the healthy control (HC) group. Lactic acid-producing bacteria, including Limosilactobacillus, were significantly increased in the OP group. The random forest algorithm further confirmed that these bacteria differentiate the two groups. Furthermore, functional prediction revealed depletion of the SCFA biosynthesis pathway (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle, and Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) and amino acid biosynthesis pathway (methionine, histidine, and arginine) in the OP group relative to the HC group. This study uncovered OP-associated compositional and functional microbial alterations, providing robust insight into OP pathogenesis and aiding the possible development of a therapeutic intervention to manage the disease. IMPORTANCE Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease associated with aging. Mounting evidence has linked changes in the gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. However, which microbes are associated with dysbiosis and their impact on bone density and inflammation remain largely unknown due to inconsistent results in the literature. Here, we present a meta-analysis with a standard workflow, robust statistical approaches, and machine learning algorithms to identify notable microbial compositional changes influencing osteoporosis.
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Nutrition, Health, and Disease: Role of Selected Marine and Vegetal Nutraceuticals.
Corzo, L, Fernández-Novoa, L, Carrera, I, Martínez, O, Rodríguez, S, Alejo, R, Cacabelos, R
Nutrients. 2020;12(3)
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Eating habits not only affect current health but may determine the development of future diseases in later stages of life. The appearance of genomics has presented an opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the metabolism of and response to nutrients. Nutraceuticals are biological substances extracted from natural sources by non-denaturing processes to preserve their original properties without any chemical manipulation. Thus, non-denaturation conditions and the use of the original matrix of the species allow all health-beneficial properties to remain intact. This review outlines that: - fish occupies the highest position in marine animal consumption. Literature shows strong links between fish and seafood consumption and positive health effects, particularly in a decreased risk of coronary heart and cardiovascular diseases, a decrease in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and the prevention of cancer. - the consumption of complex marine extracts provides numerous health benefits concerning the immune system, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, and menopause-related dysfunctions, and might reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems, osteoporosis, or senile muscle weakness. - based on nutrigenomic and epigenomic principles, nutritional advice can benefit the relationship between genes and the nutritional habit-related consequences. Authors conclude that the use of each person’s genetic profile for the prescription of nutraceuticals is a major goal to be striven for in order to improve their effectiveness in the prevention and natural treatment of prevalent diseases.
Abstract
The investigation of new alternatives for disease prevention through the application of findings from dietary and food biotechnology is an ongoing challenge for the scientific community. New nutritional trends and the need to meet social and health demands have inspired the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals which, in addition to their overall nutritional value, present certain properties for the maintenance of health. However, these effects are not universal. Nutrigenetics describes how the genetic profile has an impact on the response of the body to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism, and site of action. The EbioSea Program, for biomarine prospection, and the Blue Butterfly Program, for the screening of vegetable-derived bioproducts, have identified a new series of nutraceuticals, devoid of side effects at conventional doses, with genotype-dependent preventive and therapeutic activity. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics provide the opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the metabolism of and response to nutrients, achieving optimal results. This fact leads to the concept of personalized nutrition as opposed to public health nutrition. Consequently, the development and prescription of nutraceuticals according to the individual genetic profile is essential to improve their effectiveness in the prevention and natural treatment of prevalent diseases.
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Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in men and premenopausal women with celiac disease: a systematic review.
Ganji, R, Moghbeli, M, Sadeghi, R, Bayat, G, Ganji, A
Nutrition journal. 2019;18(1):9
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Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder and is known to be associated with a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). Findings suggest 40-70% of patients with coeliac disease (CD) have low BMD, however this prevalence has been reported without considering confounding variables, such as age, menopause status, lifestyle factors and co-morbidities. The purpose of this review was to show the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in men and premenopausal women with coeliac disease (CD). This systematic review included 19 studies representing 563 subjects. Based on the current literature the pooled prevalence of osteoporosis was 14.4% and osteopenia was 39.6%. According to these results, the authors conclude bone loss is more prevalent in those with CD however larger case-controlled studies are required to adjust for confounding factors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is known as a reason of metabolic osteopathy. Progression of non-invasive methods such as bone densitometry has shown that an important ratio of CD cases is faced with impaired bone mass and such cases are prone to bone fractures. Variety of low bone mineral density in CD is probably because of ignored confounding factors such as age, menopause, and drug. The aim of our study was to systematically review the osteoporosis and osteopenia incidences among premenopausal females and males with CD. METHODS This systematic review was done based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Scopus and Cochran databases were searched according to the relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) of CD and bone mineral density until 2018. Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were used as effect size for meta-analysis. Cochrane Q (p < 0.05) and I2 index were presented to reveal the heterogeneity. RESULTS 54 eligible full text reviews were included and nineteen selected for data extraction. Eleven articles didn't have our inclusion criteria and had ignored confounding factors like age and menopause, and we excluded; data extraction was done in eight studies. A total of 563 premenopausal women and men who were from, UK, Brazil, India, Hungary, and Poland were included. The pooled prevalence of osteoporosis was 14.4% [95%CI: 9-20.5%] (Cochrane Q = 7.889, p = 0.96, I2 = 49.29%), and osteopenia was 39.6% [31.1-48.8%] (Cochrane Q = 14.24, p = 0.07, I2 = 71.92%), respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that bone loss is more prevalent in celiac disease and can be associated with increased risk of fracture. However, but results are pooled prevalence and we need more case -control studies with more sample size and consideration of confounding factors.
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Dietary Flaxseed as a Strategy for Improving Human Health.
Parikh, M, Maddaford, TG, Austria, JA, Aliani, M, Netticadan, T, Pierce, GN
Nutrients. 2019;11(5)
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Flaxseed is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid, lignans and fibre. Four common forms of flaxseed include whole flaxseed, ground flaxseed, flaxseed oil, partially defatted flaxseed meal and flax “milk”. The aim of this review was to provide a broad summary of the highlights of the research that have supported the growth of flaxseed as a commodity with significance in the fields of health and medicine. Research shows that: - flaxseed supplementation reduced blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes and lowered blood glucose in subjects with prediabetes. - flaxseeds are used extensively in animal studies to treat a variety of cancers namely breast cancer. - dietary flaxseed may also improve aspects of brain function during conditions of neural disease. - dietary flaxseed may also exhibit a protective effect against menopausal symptoms. - flaxseed supplementation in the diet may alter the bacterial flora in the intestines of animals. Authors conclude that supplementation of the diet with milled flaxseed has many healthy benefits to the body.
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid, the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and fiber. These compounds provide bioactivity of value to the health of animals and humans through their anti-inflammatory action, anti-oxidative capacity and lipid modulating properties. The characteristics of ingesting flaxseed or its bioactive components are discussed in this article. The benefits of administering flaxseed or the individual bioactive components on health and disease are also discussed in this review. Specifically, the current evidence on the benefits or limitations of dietary flaxseed in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, gastro-intestinal health and brain development and function, as well as hormonal status in menopausal women, are comprehensive topics for discussion.