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Towards Tailored Gut Microbiome-Based and Dietary Interventions for Promoting the Development and Maintenance of a Healthy Brain.
Larroya, A, Pantoja, J, Codoñer-Franch, P, Cenit, MC
Frontiers in pediatrics. 2021;9:705859
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The cause of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is complex and multifactorial. Recent studies have indicated that early life disturbances of the gut microbiome can impact neurodevelopment, suggesting this critical window may play a key role in the prevention or progression of neurological disease. The growing field of personalized nutrition works on the basis of tailored dietary intervention strategies that consider individual variability based on genetics, diet, and the environment. The aim of this paper is to review the current evidence on the neurodevelopmental interaction between the gut microbiota, environment and host, and assess the efficacy of tailored, personalized nutrition interventions aimed at preventing or treating NDDs. The literature provides evidence that the gut microbiota is susceptible to influence by various factors early in life, and the health of the microbiome may modulate mental health consequences later in life. Additionally, key nutritional deficiencies and microbiome alterations have been linked to NDDs, suggesting potential markers that may lead to improved prevention and treatment. Based on the current literature, the authors emphasize the need for further research during the critical window of microbiome development in order to target the cause of neurodevelopmental impairments. They suggest these findings could help progress the field of Nutritional Psychiatry towards effective tailored nutrition and personalized medicine.
Abstract
Mental health is determined by a complex interplay between the Neurological Exposome and the Human Genome. Multiple genetic and non-genetic (exposome) factors interact early in life, modulating the risk of developing the most common complex neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with potential long-term consequences on health. To date, the understating of the precise etiology underpinning these neurological alterations, and their clinical management pose a challenge. The crucial role played by diet and gut microbiota in brain development and functioning would indicate that modulating the gut-brain axis may help protect against the onset and progression of mental-health disorders. Some nutritional deficiencies and gut microbiota alterations have been linked to NDDs, suggesting their potential pathogenic implications. In addition, certain dietary interventions have emerged as promising alternatives or adjuvant strategies for improving the management of particular NDDs, at least in particular subsets of subjects. The gut microbiota can be a key to mediating the effects of other exposome factors such as diet on mental health, and ongoing research in Psychiatry and Neuropediatrics is developing Precision Nutrition Models to classify subjects according to a diet response prediction based on specific individual features, including microbiome signatures. Here, we review current scientific evidence for the impact of early life environmental factors, including diet, on gut microbiota and neuro-development, emphasizing the potential long-term consequences on health; and also summarize the state of the art regarding the mechanisms underlying diet and gut microbiota influence on the brain-gut axis. Furthermore, we describe the evidence supporting the key role played by gut microbiota, diet and nutrition in neurodevelopment, as well as the effectiveness of certain dietary and microbiome-based interventions aimed at preventing or treating NDDs. Finally, we emphasize the need for further research to gain greater insight into the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiome and brain development. Such knowledge would help towards achieving tailored integrative treatments, including personalized nutrition.
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The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Generoso, JS, Giridharan, VV, Lee, J, Macedo, D, Barichello, T
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999). 2021;43(3):293-305
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Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota have been shown to influence mood and behaviour via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and there is increased interest in better understanding this interaction in the context of mental health. This review summarises the evidence around the influence of gut microbiota in various neuropsychiatric disorders, primarily focusing on the metabolic pathways that originate in the gut microbiota. Current research highlights an association between gut microbiota metabolites with neuropsychiatric disorders and that probiotics demonstrate a significant therapeutic role in many of these disorders. Based on the current literature, the authors conclude it is crucial to better understand the complex microbiota-host interaction in health and disease, leading to more targeted and improved therapeutic interventions.
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal ecosystem is extraordinary; it comprises more than 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the small and large intestine, and this interaction between microbiota and intestinal epithelium can cause physiological changes in the brain and influence mood and behavior. Currently, there has been an emphasis on how such interactions affect mental health. Evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review covers evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior in Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. The primary focus is on the pathways involved in intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that can activate the host's immune system. We also list clinical evidence regarding prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjuvant therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis.
Chudzik, A, Orzyłowska, A, Rola, R, Stanisz, GJ
Biomolecules. 2021;11(7)
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The bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system has been termed the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Increased investigation of this pathway has found the gut bacteria to impact metabolism and the brain, suggesting that modulating the microbiome may elicit change in mental health. The aim of this review is to discuss the current findings in both animal and human studies regarding the use of pro-, pre- and post-biotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. Studies show that modulating the bacteria in the gut may reduce inflammation, decrease stress hormone levels and adjust the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. These changes consequently lead to the reduction of depressive symptoms and improvement in mood. While these results are promising, larger clinical trials are needed that include biochemical measurements and fecal microbiome analysis in addition to validated questionnaires. With this in mind, the authors conclude there is huge potential in the role of nutrition as a therapeutic target for neurological and mental health conditions.
Abstract
The brain-gut-microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.
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The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Dietary Interventions for Depression and Anxiety.
Bear, TLK, Dalziel, JE, Coad, J, Roy, NC, Butts, CA, Gopal, PK
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 2020;11(4):890-907
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A growing body of research suggests diet and mental health are closely connected through the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA). This axis shows how the gut and brain are linked in a bidirectional relationship, and provides a model in which dietary interventions could help prevent, or be an alternative therapy, for depression and anxiety. While there is an increased understanding of the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiome and mental health, the literature has produced conflicting results. The aim of this review is to discuss possible reasons for the conflicting results on the link between diet and mental health and present the current findings. The authors explored the impact of various dietary components on the MGBA including macronutrient ratios, omega 3 fatty acids, prebiotic and probiotic foods, food additives, and whole diet approaches. The research shows mental health is likely to be influenced by the MGBA via changes in gut microbiota composition and function, but conflicting results and limited research elucidates the complexity in understand the extent of this bidirectional relationship. Based on the current findings, the authors suggest dietary patterns for positive mental health should be in support of a healthy gut microbiota. They conclude further research is needed into the mechanisms in which gut microbiota impacts mental health to pave the way for a holistic approach to preventing and treating anxiety and depression.
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that an unhealthy dietary pattern may increase the risk of developing depression or anxiety, whereas a healthy dietary pattern may decrease it. This nascent research suggests that dietary interventions could help prevent, or be an alternative or adjunct therapy for, depression and anxiety. The relation, however, is complex, affected by many confounding variables, and is also likely to be bidirectional, with dietary choices being affected by stress and depression. This complexity is reflected in the data, with sometimes conflicting results among studies. As the research evolves, all characteristics of the relation need to be considered to ensure that we obtain a full understanding, which can potentially be translated into clinical practice. A parallel and fast-growing body of research shows that the gut microbiota is linked with the brain in a bidirectional relation, commonly termed the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Preclinical evidence suggests that this axis plays a key role in the regulation of brain function and behavior. In this review we discuss possible reasons for the conflicting results in diet-mood research, and present examples of areas of the diet-mood relation in which the gut microbiota is likely to be involved, potentially explaining some of the conflicting results from diet and depression studies. We argue that because diet is one of the most significant factors that affects human gut microbiota structure and function, nutritional intervention studies need to consider the gut microbiota as an essential piece of the puzzle.
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Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders.
Halverson, T, Alagiakrishnan, K
Annals of medicine. 2020;52(8):423-443
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Adequately and effectively treating and managing neurocognitive disorders remains a challenge. Increasing evidence suggests gut microbes may contribute to common mental health disorders through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and better understanding this interaction could lead to improved clinical outcomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of the gut microbiome on neurocognitive and mental health disorders and the mechanisms by which they act. This review reveals that the gut microbiome can influence brain and intestinal cells and that there is an association between gut dysbiosis with different mental health and neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, evidence shows the antimicrobial effect of current pharmaceutical treatments used in mental disorders may adversely affect the gut microbiome. Based on these findings, the authors conclude the gut microbiome is likely involved in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive and mental health conditions. Treatment strategies focusing on the gut microbiome may have a role in the treatment and management of mental health disorders, however further evidence is needed before applying these strategies in clinical practice.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As individuals age, the prevalence of neurocognitive and mental health disorders increases. Current biomedical treatments do not completely address the management of these conditions. Despite new pharmacological therapy the challenges of managing these diseases remain.There is increasing evidence that the Gut Microbiome (GM) and microbial dysbiosis contribute to some of the more prevalent mental health and neurocognitive disorders, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BP), and dementia as well as the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Methodology: Scoping review about the effect of gut microbiota on neurocognitive and mental health disorders. RESULTS This scoping review found there is an evolving evidence of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive and mental health disorders. This manuscript also discusses how the psychotropics used to treat these conditions may have an antimicrobial effect on GM, and the potential for new strategies of management with probiotics and faecal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS This understanding can open up the need for a gut related approach in these disorders as well as unlock the door for the role of gut related microbiota management. KEY MESSAGES Challenges of managing mental health conditions remain in spite of new pharmacological therapy. Gut dysbiosis is seen in various mental health conditions. Various psychotropic medications can have an influence on the gut microbiota by their antimicrobial effect.