-
1.
Insulin Resistance in Obese Children: What Can Metabolomics and Adipokine Modelling Contribute?
Rupérez, FJ, Martos-Moreno, GÁ, Chamoso-Sánchez, D, Barbas, C, Argente, J
Nutrients. 2020;(11)
Abstract
The evolution of obesity and its resulting comorbidities differs depending upon the age of the subject. The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has resulted in specific needs in defining obesity-associated entities with this disease. Indeed, even the definition of obesity differs for pediatric patients from that employed in adults. Regardless of age, one of the earliest metabolic complications observed in obesity involves perturbations in glucose metabolism that can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. In children, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is infrequent compared to that observed in adults, even with the same degree of obesity. In contrast, insulin resistance is reported to be frequently observed in children and adolescents with obesity. As this condition can be prerequisite to further metabolic complications, identification of biological markers as predictive risk factors would be of tremendous clinical utility. Analysis of obesity-induced modifications of the adipokine profile has been one classic approach in the identification of biomarkers. Recent studies emphasize the utility of metabolomics in the analysis of metabolic characteristics in children with obesity with or without insulin resistance. These studies have been performed with targeted or untargeted approaches, employing different methodologies. This review summarizes some of the advances in this field while emphasizing the importance of the different techniques employed.
-
2.
Adipocytokine dysregulation, abnormal glucose metabolism, and lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adolescents receiving protease inhibitors.
Santiprabhob, J, Chokephaibulkit, K, Khantee, P, Maleesatharn, A, Phonrat, B, Phongsamart, W, Lapphra, K, Wittawatmongkol, O, Rungmaitree, S, Tanchaweng, S, et al
Cytokine. 2020;:155145
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipodystrophy is common in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors (PIs), stavudine, and zidovudine. Adipocytokines may be altered in lipodystrophy. We evaluated risk factors, adipocytokine levels, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in HIV-infected adolescents with different lipodystrophy types. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 80 perinatally HIV-infected adolescents receiving PI-based highly active antiretroviral therapy for ≥ 6 months. Patients underwent oral glucose tolerance tests and measurements of high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, leptin, resistin, insulin, and lipids. They were classified into 3 groups based on the clinical findings: no lipodystrophy, isolated lipoatrophy, and any lipohypertrophy (isolated lipohypertrophy or combined type). RESULTS Of the 80 patients (median age, 16.7 years), 18 (22.5%) had isolated lipoatrophy, while 8 (10%) had any lipohypertrophy (four with isolated lipohypertrophy, and four with the combined type). In a multivariate analysis, longer exposure to stavudine (OR: 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; p = 0.005) and indinavir (OR: 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; p = 0.012) were associated with lipoatrophy, while longer exposure to didanosine (OR: 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08; p = 0.017) and indinavir (OR: 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21; p = 0.045) were associated with any lipohypertrophy. Leptin levels were highest in the any-lipohypertrophy group and lowest in the isolated-lipoatrophy group (p = 0.013). HMW adiponectin levels were significantly lowest in the any-lipohypertrophy group and highest in the no-lipodystrophy group (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in the levels of resistin among the three groups (p = 0.234). The prevalence of insulin resistance (p = 0.002) and prediabetes/diabetes (p < 0.001) were significantly highest in the any-lipohypertrophy group. Patients with lipoatrophy and those without lipodystrophy had comparable degrees of insulin resistance (p = 0.292). In multiple linear regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, and waist-height ratio, HMW adiponectin levels were associated with Matsuda index (β = 0.5; p = 0.003) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (β = 40.1; p = 0.010) and almost significantly associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.054). Leptin and resistin levels were not associated with HOMA-IR, Matsuda index, or QUICKI (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal glucose metabolism and dysregulation of adipocytokines were common in the HIV-infected adolescents with lipohypertrophy and the combined type. Preventive screening for cardiovascular diseases caused by metabolic alterations should be routinely performed.
-
3.
Relationship between adipocytokines and angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in lean women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome.
Ożegowska, K, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J, Bogacz, A, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A, Duleba, AJ, Pawelczyk, L
Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2020;(6):496-500
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the levels of select adipocytokines (adiponectin, visfatin and apelin) and angiotensin in converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism in lean women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The PCOS group (N = 94) was identified according to the Rotterdam criteria. The Control group (N = 68) included age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy volunteers. Serum levels of adipocytokines were measured using enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and ACE genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCOS group, when compared to the Control group had lower adiponectin (p < .001) but higher visfatin (p < .001) and apelin (p = .003). There was no significant correlation of the levels of these adipocytokines with BMI, fasting glucose, fasting insulin or Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The PCOS and the Control groups also differed with regard to the ACE ID genotype distribution (p < .001). The ID, DD, and II genotype frequencies were, respectively, 34, 57 and 9% in the PCOS group and 49, 22 and 29% in the Control group. When stratified according to individual ID genotypes, the levels of adipocytokines in the PCOS and the Control groups remained significantly different. There was no statistically significant relationship between the levels of adipocytokines and ACE ID genotypes.
-
4.
Metabolic adaptations after bariatric surgery: adipokines, myokines and hepatokines.
Faramia, J, Ostinelli, G, Drolet-Labelle, V, Picard, F, Tchernof, A
Current opinion in pharmacology. 2020;:67-74
Abstract
This review addresses the impact of bariatric surgery on the endocrine aspects of white adipose tissue, muscle and the liver. We describe literature supporting the notion that adipokines, myokines and hepatokines likely act in concert and drive many of the long-term metabolic improvements following surgery. Circulating adiponectin is increased while secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins (1, 6 and 8) decreases, alongside leptin secretion. The metabolic improvements observed in the muscle might relate to reduction of myokines contributing to insulin resistance (including myostatin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-21). Subject to exception, hepatokine secretion is generally increased (such as insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2, adropin and sex hormone-binding globulin). In conclusion, bariatric surgery restores metabolic functions by enhancing the time-dependent secretion of anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing and antilipemic factors. Further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these factors may trigger the remission of obesity-related comorbidities following bariatric surgery.
-
5.
Effects of diet and exercise on adipocytokine levels in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.
Aydemir, N, Pike, MM, Alsouqi, A, Headley, SAE, Tuttle, K, Evans, EE, Milch, CM, Moody, KA, Germain, M, Lipworth, L, et al
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2020;(8):1375-1381
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is a pro-inflammatory risk factor for progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that implementation of caloric restriction and endurance exercise would improve adipocytokine profiles in patients with moderate to severe CKD. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled patients with moderate to severe CKD through a multi-center pilot randomized trial of diet and exercise in a 4-arm design (dietary restriction of 10%-15% reduction in caloric intake, exercise three times/week, combined diet and exercise, and control) (NCT01150851). Adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin) were measured at the beginning and end of the study period as secondary outcomes. Treatment effect was analyzed in a multivariable model adjusted for baseline outcome values, age, gender, site and diabetes. A total of 122 participants were consented, 111 were randomized (42% female, 25% diabetic, and 91% hypertensive), 104 started intervention and 92 completed the study (Figure 1). Plasma adiponectin levels increased significantly in response to diet by 23% (95% CI: 0.2%, 49.8%, p = 0.048) among participants randomized to the caloric restriction and usual activity arm but not to exercise, whereas circulating leptin did not change by either treatment. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that dietary caloric restriction increases plasma adiponectin levels in stage 3-4 CKD patients, with limited effect on leptin levels. These findings suggest the potential for improving the metabolic milieu of CKD with moderate calorie restriction.
-
6.
Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity.
Arroyo-Jousse, V, Jaramillo, A, Castaño-Moreno, E, Lépez, M, Carrasco-Negüe, K, Casanello, P
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease. 2020;(2):165558
Abstract
Maternal pregestational obesity is a well-known risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which maternal obesity can induce alterations in fetal and later neonatal metabolism are not fully elucidated due to its complexity and multifactorial causes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, are involved in fetal and postnatal growth trajectories, and both are altered in women with pregestational obesity. The placenta synthesizes leptin, which goes mainly to the maternal circulation and in lesser amount to the developing fetus. Maternal pregestational obesity and hyperleptinemia are associated with placental dysfunction and changes in nutrient transporters which directly affect fetal growth and development. By the other side, the embryo can produce its own leptin from early in development, which is associated to fetal weight and adiposity. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is downregulated in maternal obesity. High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the most abundant form and with most biological actions. In maternal obesity lower total and HMW adiponectin levels have been described in the mother, paralleled with high levels in the umbilical cord. Several studies have found that cord blood adiponectin levels are related with postnatal growth trajectories, and it has been suggested that low adiponectin levels in women with pregestational obesity enhance placental insulin sensitivity and activation of placental amino acid transport systems, supporting fetal overgrowth. The possible mechanisms by which maternal pregestational obesity, focusing in the actions of leptin and adiponectin, affects the fetal development and postnatal growth trajectories in their offspring are discussed.
-
7.
Association of Meteorin-Like Hormone with insulin resistance and body composition in healthy Iranian adults.
Alizadeh, H, Alizadeh, A
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2020;(5):881-885
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sedentary behavior and/or physical inactivity are modifiable risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. Myokines are one of the mediators of physical activity health benefits. Relationship between regular physical activity (RPA) and baseline plasma Meteorin-Like Hormone (Metrnl) has not been explored in human. Hence, we compared baseline plasma Metrnl between sedentary individuals and ones with recreational physical activities, and role of Metrnl as a biological messenger between physical activity and insulin resistance and body composition was also explored. METHODS Forty healthy young men (aged: 21 ± 2.1 yrs; BMI: 23 ± 3.44 kg/m2) completed the study. Participants were equally assigned into two groups of control (sedentary) and case (recreational athletes). Baseline plasma Metrnl, glucose, insulin and body composition components and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were assessed under resting conditions. RESULTS Except for baseline blood glucose, baseline plasma Metrnl, insulin, HOMA-IR and body mass index and body fat percentage were similar between two groups (P > 0.05). However, after Metrnl correction for the degree of insulin resistance index (Metrnl/HOMA-IR), recreational athletes showed a significantly greater baseline compared to sedentary subjects (P < 0.05). Baseline blood glucose showed a negative and significant correlation with baseline plasma Metrnl (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Baseline plasma Metrnl is correlated with regular physical activity and insulin sensitivity, but not with body composition parameters. Metrnl may be one possible mediator of the beneficial effects of PA on insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. Hence, increasing awareness of the benefits of physical activity and incorporating physical activity into lifestyle are of great importance for people with non-communicable diseases.
-
8.
Vitamin D supplementation increases adipokine concentrations in overweight or obese adults.
Mousa, A, Naderpoor, N, Wilson, K, Plebanski, M, de Courten, MPJ, Scragg, R, de Courten, B
European journal of nutrition. 2020;(1):195-204
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D regulates adipokine production in vitro; however, clinical trials have been inconclusive. We conducted secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial to examine whether vitamin D supplementation improves adipokine concentrations in overweight/obese and vitamin D-deficient adults. METHODS Sixty-five individuals with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) ≤ 50 nmol/L were randomized to oral cholecalciferol (100,000 IU single bolus followed by 4,000 IU daily) or matching placebo for 16 weeks. We measured BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, % body fat (dual X-ray absorptiometry), serum 25(OH)D (chemiluminescent immunoassay) and total adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and adipsin concentrations (multiplex assay; flow cytometry). Sun exposure, physical activity, and diet were assessed using questionnaires. RESULTS Fifty-four participants completed the study (35M/19F; mean age = 31.9 ± 8.5 years; BMI = 30.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2). After 16 weeks, vitamin D supplementation increased 25(OH)D concentrations compared with placebo (57.0 ± 21.3 versus 1.9 ± 15.1 nmol/L, p < 0.001). There were no differences between groups for changes in adiponectin, leptin, resistin, or adipsin in unadjusted analyses (all p > 0.05). After adjustment for baseline values, season, sun exposure, and dietary vitamin D intake, there was a greater increase in adiponectin (β[95%CI] = 13.7[2.0, 25.5], p = 0.02) and leptin (β[95%CI] = 22.3[3.8, 40.9], p = 0.02) in the vitamin D group compared with placebo. Results remained significant after additional adjustment for age, sex, and % body fat (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D may increase adiponectin and leptin concentrations in overweight/obese and vitamin D-deficient adults. Further studies are needed to clarify the molecular interactions between vitamin D and adipokines and the clinical implications of these interactions in the context of obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02112721.
-
9.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Emerging Novel Insights Regarding the Relationship between the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and other Key Predictive Markers in Young Adults of Western Algeria.
Belhayara, MI, Mellouk, Z, Hamdaoui, MS, Bachaoui, M, Kheroua, O, Malaisse, WJ
Nutrients. 2020;(3)
Abstract
Several biological markers have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular disease and are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study provides a factual information on promising biomarkers that are associated with MetS and can aid in early detection and management of MetS in young adults of Western Algeria. We studied a total of one hundred subjects aged between thirty and forty years with MetS, in which anthropometric measurements, insulin resistance, C peptide and HbA1c, lipid profile, circulating adipokines and glucagon-like peptide-1 were measured by suitable methods, in comparison to two groups of control. MetS is closely linked to altered glucose homeostasis, the plasma insulin/glucose ratio; i.e., the insulinogenic index helps to estimate the level of insulin secretion and also for assessing β-cell function. The correlation between homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c, body mass index or plasma triglycerides yielded positive and significant values. Biomarkers with a known and predictable association with MetS can provide a means to detect those at risk and intervene as needed. This could significantly decrease the burden complications impose on patients and the healthcare system.
-
10.
Circadian rhythm abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease - association with adipokine profile.
Sobolewska-Włodarczyk, A, Włodarczyk, M, Zielińska, A, Siwiński, P, Wiśniewska-Jarosińska, M, Gąsiorowska, A, Fichna, J
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2020;(3):294-300
Abstract
Background: The role of sleep disturbances in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remained relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the adipokine profile in the patients with IBD and its relationship with the circadian rhythm disorders.Methods: Prospective, observational cohort study was performed. In all the enrolled adult IBD patients, the disease activity was assessed by using Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for Crohn's disease (CD) and Partial Mayo Score for ulcerative colitis (UC), respectively. All patients were also asked to respond to a questionnaire to define Pittsburgh Quality Sleep Index (PSQI). From all the enrolled patients, 15 mL venous blood was taken to determine adipokine levels and perform standard laboratory tests.Results: Sixty-five IBD patients were enrolled in our study: 30 with CD and 35 with UC. Poor sleep was noted in 69.2% patients with clinically active and in 7.7% patients with inactive disease (p = .0023). In the group of IBD patients with poor sleep, the significantly higher level of serum resistin (p = .0458), and lower level of serum adiponectin and leptin (p = .0215, p = .0201; respectively) were observed. In the IBD patients with exacerbation, the significantly higher level of serum resistin (p = .0396), significantly lower serum level of leptin (p = .0453) and tendency to lower serum level of adiponectin (p = .1214) were recorded.Conclusions: The relationship between circadian rhythm abnormalities and specific adipokine profile may show us a risk factor of developing inflammatory intestinal lesions in IBD patients. This knowledge may allow the treatment of sleep disturbances, body weight-control and dietary habits become new targets in IBD therapy.