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Conceptualizing Health Behaviors as Acute Mood-Altering Agents: Implications for Cancer Control.
Dunton, GF, Kaplan, JT, Monterosso, J, Pang, RD, Mason, TB, Kirkpatrick, MG, Eckel, SP, Leventhal, AM
Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2020;(4):343-350
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Abstract
A massive portion of cancer burden is accounted for by a small collection of highly prevalent cancer risk behaviors (e.g., low physical activity, unhealthy diet, and tobacco use). Why people engage in numerous types of cancer risk behaviors and fail to adopt various cancer prevention behaviors has been poorly understood. In this commentary, we propose a novel scientific framework, which argues that a common affective (i.e., emotion based) mechanism underpins a diversity of such cancer risk and prevention behaviors. The scientific premise is that cancer risk and prevention behaviors produce immediate and robust changes in affective states that are translated into motivations and drives, which promote further pursuit of risk behaviors or avoidance of prevention behaviors. After describing the conceptual and scientific basis for this framework, we then propose central research questions that can address the validity and utility of the framework. Next, we selectively review and integrate findings on the mood-altering effects of various cancer risk and prevention behaviors from the addiction science, exercise science, and behavioral nutrition literatures, focusing on the nature and phenomenology of behavior-elicited mood changes and their value for predicting future behavior change. We conclude by discussing how this framework can be applied to address critical scientific questions in cancer control.
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2.
Good, better, best: clinical scenarios for the use of L-methylfolate in patients with MDD.
Jain, R, Manning, S, Cutler, AJ
CNS spectrums. 2020;(6):750-764
Abstract
Depression is among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide, and a substantial proportion of patients do not respond adequately to standard antidepressants. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression is no longer limited to the chemical imbalance of neurotransmitters, but also involves the interplay of proinflammatory modulators in the central nervous system, as well as folate metabolism. Additional factors such as stress and metabolic disorders also may contribute. Multiple inflammatory, metabolic, and genetic markers have been identified and may provide critical information to help clinicians individualize treatments for patients to achieve optimal outcomes. Recent advancements in research have clarified underlying causes of depression and have led to possible new avenues for adjunctive treatment. Among these is L-methylfolate, a medical food that is thought to enhance synthesis of monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), suppress inflammation, and promote neural health. Clinical studies that assessed supplemental use of L-methylfolate in patients with usual care-resistant depression found that it resulted in improved outcomes. Patients with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression, and particularly subgroups with biomarkers of inflammation or metabolic disorders or folate metabolism-related genetic polymorphisms (or ≥2 of these factors), had the best responses. Considering this, the goals of this review are to 1) highlight recent advances in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder as it pertains to folate and associated biomarkers and 2) establish the profiles of patients with depression who could benefit most from supplemental use of L-methylfolate.
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3.
The Interplay Between Depression and Parkinson´s Disease: Learning the Link Through Ca2+/cAMP Signaling.
Bergantin, LB
Current protein & peptide science. 2020;(12):1223-1228
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson´s disease (PD) and depression have an interplay at multiple cellular levels, a phenomenon which is translated into clinical data showing that depressive patients presented an enhanced risk for developing PD. The pathogenesis of both diseases is under intensive debate as correlated to dysregulations related to Ca2+ signaling. OBJECTIVE Then, revealing this interplay between these diseases may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of them. METHODS Publications involving Ca2+ signaling, PD and depression (alone or combined) were collected by searching PubMed and EMBASE. RESULTS Not surprisingly, calcium (Ca2+) channel blockers (CCBs), classical antihypertensive medicines, have been demonstrated off-label effects, such as alleviating both PD and depression symptoms. DISCUSSION A mechanism under debate for the antiparkinsonism and antidepressant effects associated to CCBs is focused on the restoration of Ca2+ signaling dysregulations. In addition, previous studies have observed that CCBs can affect Ca2+/cAMP signaling. CONCLUSION Thus, this article discussed the role of Ca2+/cAMP signaling in the interplay between depression and PD, including the implications for the pharmacotherapy involving CCBs.
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The Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Mental Disorders: A Review on Depression, Anxiety, Alzheimer, and Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Ansari, F, Pourjafar, H, Tabrizi, A, Homayouni, A
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 2020;(7):555-565
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics and their nutrient sources (prebiotics) have been shown to have positive effects on different organs of the host. The idea of their potential benefits on Central Nervous Systems (CNS) and the incidence of Anxiety, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer, Depression, Autism, and other mental disorders has proposed a new category of medicines called "psychobiotic" which is hoped to be of low-side effect anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety constitutes. OBJECTIVE In the current review, we present valuable insights into the complicated interactions between the GI microbiota (especially in the colon), brain, immune and central nervous systems and provide a summary of the main findings of the effects of pro- and prebiotics on important mental disorders from the potential mechanisms of action to their application in clinical practice. METHODS Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched using following key words: "probiotics", "prebiotics", "mental disorders", "psychological disorders", "depression", "anxiety", "stress", "Alzheimer" and "autism spectrum". The full text of potentially eligible studies was retrieved and assessed in detail by the reviewers. Data were extracted and then summarized from the selected papers. RESULTS The results of the provided evidence suggest that probiotic and prebiotics might improve mental function via several mechanisms. The beneficial effects of their application in Depression, Anxiety, Alzheimer and autism spectrum diseases have also been supported in clinical studies. CONCLUSION Pro and prebiotics can improve mental health and psychological function and can be offered as new medicines for common mental disorders, however, more clinical studies are necessary to conduct regarding the clinical significance of the effects and their bioequivalence or superiority against current treatments.
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Nutraceutical Augmentation Strategies for Depression: A Narrative Review.
Lande, RG
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2020;(2):100-106
Abstract
CONTEXT Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders, but antidepressant pharmacotherapy often fails to achieve remission, leading health care professionals and researchers to consider various augmentation strategies to improve clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of nutraceutical augmentation for depression. METHODS Nutraceutical-focused systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines identified the more commonly studied augmentation strategies for depression. RESULTS S-adenosylmethionine, l-methylfolate, omega-3 fatty acids, and hydroxyvitamin D have sufficient scientific evidence to support their clinical consideration in the stepped care approach to the management of depression. CONCLUSIONS Clinical remission is the goal in the management of depression, and nutraceuticals may be part of an overall treatment approach to achieve that outcome.
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6.
Iatrogenic Obesity.
Kumar, RB, Aronne, LJ
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2020;(2):265-273
Abstract
Obesity has been identified as a multifactorial disease with several determinants, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, dietary patterns, and physical activity factors. Iatrogenic obesity, most commonly medication-induced weight gain, is often overlooked as a contributing factor to a patient's obesity. This article highlights medications known to cause weight gain.
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7.
[Treatment of polyneuropathy: autonomic symptoms and pain].
Sachau, J, Fabig, SC, Rehm, S, Baron, R
Der Internist. 2020;(3):270-276
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of polyneuropathy includes symptomatic therapy of sensory, motor and autonomic dysfunctions. AIM: This article provides an overview of the current treatment recommendations for polyneuropathy, focusing on pain. METHODS Current treatment guidelines will be discussed based on a literature research. RESULTS Calcium-channel anticonvulsants gabapentin/pregabalin as well as antidepressants duloxetine and amitriptyline are recommended as first line therapeutics. Alternatively, topical therapeutics can be used in the case of localized disorders. In individual cases, opioids or other antidepressants/anticonvulsants may be effective. Pharmacological treatment is often limited due to adverse events, which affect the central nervous system in particular. DISCUSSION In general, treatment for polyneuropathy should follow a multimodal concept and include the treatment of other symptoms. When choosing pain medication, comorbidities, patient's age and adverse events need to be taken into consideration. Phenotype-based stratification may support specialized pain therapy and achieve the best medical treatment.
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Association between COMT gene Val108/158Met and antidepressive treatment response: A meta-analysis.
Tang, Z, Zhang, S, Guo, D, Wang, H
Gene. 2020;:144333
Abstract
Multiple antidepressive treatment methods are widely used in the clinic, but different patients showed considerable differences in response to the same treatment. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 polymorphism is involved in the antidepressive treatment reaction; however, the results in different studies are inconsistent. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association of the COMT rs4680 polymorphism with the treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. An online search was performed through PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library up to December 2018. The odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and heterogeneity were calculated in four genetic models. Subgroup analysis and Galbraith plot were carried out to detect the potential source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were performed to identify the reliability of the results. A total of 11 studies involving 2845 individuals were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the subgroup analysis indicated that patients who carried the G allele had remission or a better response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in four genetic models. Excluding the studies that might lead to heterogeneity, overall ORs were recalculated, and no obvious association between rs4680 polymorphism and therapeutic reaction was detected in the allelic, recessive and additive models. In the dominant model, COMT rs4680 variants showed significant associations with antidepressive treatment, but the result was highly dependent on the individual study. In addition, the patients with the GG or AG + GG genotype in comparison to AA were associated with a better response to ECT treatment. However, due to the small number of studies using ECT treatment, we suggest that more research should be performed to verify this result.
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9.
New Drug Discovery from Medicinal Plants and Phytoconstituents for Depressive Disorders.
Dereli, FTG, Ilhan, M, Akkol, EK
CNS & neurological disorders drug targets. 2019;(2):92-102
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Depression, a risk factor for several serious diseases, is a highly prevalent and life-threatening psychiatric disorder. It can affect the individual's position in life and reduce the living standards. The research on the use of medicinal plants in treating this disease has increased enormously because of the possible low rehabilitation rate and side effects of available synthetic drugs, such as sexual dysfunction, nausea, fatigue, insomnia, hypersomnia, and weight gain. CONCLUSION Therefore, this review aimed to draw attention to the antidepressant effects of culinary herbs and traditional medicinal plants and their active components, thereby promoting their use in the development of more potent antidepressants with improved side effect profile.
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10.
Novel targets for parkinsonism-depression comorbidity.
Tizabi, Y, Getachew, B, Csoka, AB, Manaye, KF, Copeland, RL
Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2019;:1-24
Abstract
With the aging population growing and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases on the rise, the researchers in the field are yet more urgently challenged to slow and/or reverse the devastating consequences of such progression. The challenge is further enforced by psychiatric co-morbid conditions, particularly the feeling of despair in these population. Fortunately, as our understanding of the neurobiological substrates of maladies affecting the central nervous system increases, more therapeutic options are also presented. In this short review while providing evidence of shared biological substrates between Parkinson's disease and depression, novel therapeutic targets and drugs are suggested. The emphasis will be on neuroplasticity underscored by roles of neurotrophic and inflammatory factors. Examples of few therapeutic drugs as well as future directions are also touched upon.