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1.
Improvement of NRF2 gene expression and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Golpour, P, Nourbakhsh, M, Mazaherioun, M, Janani, L, Nourbakhsh, M, Yaghmaei, P
Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020;:108120
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nrf2 is a transcription factor that induces the expression of several proteins with antioxidant properties such as sestrin2 (Sesn2) and is therefore considered as the major regulator of anti-oxidative defence system. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to study the effect of supplementation with n-3 PUFAs on the antioxidant status and the gene expression of Nrf2 and Sestrin2 (Sesn2) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PARTICIPANTS Sixty patients with T2DM were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. INTERVENTION AND DESIGN The participants were randomly allocated to two intervention groups receiving either n-3 PUFAs (2,700 mg/day) (n = 30) or placebo soft gels containing 900 mg of edible paraffin (n = 30). The main outcome measures were the expression of Sesn2 and Nrf2 genes which were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis by real-time PCR. Total antioxidant status in plasma samples was also measured based on the ferric reducing ability of plasma. RESULTS NRF2 gene expression was significantly increased in n-3 PUFA-supplemented subjects, compared with the placebo group. Plasma total antioxidant status was also significantly augmented in n-3 PUFA-supplemented subjects. SESN2 gene expression was not significantly affected by n-3 PUFA supplementation although a slight up-regulation was observed. CONCLUSION Supplementation with n-3 PUFAs enhanced NRF2 gene expression and improved overall antioxidant capacity and thus might be considered beneficial in the amelioration of oxidative stress and prevention of T2DM complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT20150926024198N4.
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2.
Antioxidants and radical damage in a hydrophilic environment: chemical reactions and concepts.
Nauser, T, Gebicki, JM
Essays in biochemistry. 2020;(1):67-74
Abstract
Known endogenous antioxidants are unlikely to prevent radical damage due to oxidative stress or achieve complete repair by established reaction mechanisms. While near complete prevention seems very unrealistic, some of the initial damage can be repaired. Depending on tissue, this may be even a large fraction. Antioxidants, however, will efficiently break radical reaction chains and, therefore, certainly limit the damage caused by radicals. It is not clear if chemical antioxidant action is strictly limited to electron-transfer processes or if additional reaction mechanisms may contribute.
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3.
Extraction of Essential Oils from Medicinal Plants and their Utilization as Food Antioxidants.
Ferrentino, G, Morozova, K, Horn, C, Scampicchio, M
Current pharmaceutical design. 2020;(5):519-541
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of essential oils is receiving increasing attention worldwide, as these oils are good sources of several bioactive compounds. Nowadays essential oils are preferred over synthetic preservatives thanks to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Several studies highlight the beneficial effect of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants to cure human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, or obesity. However, to preserve their bioactivity, the use of appropriate extraction technologies is required. METHODS The present review aims to describe the studies published so far on the essential oils focusing on their sources and chemical composition, the technologies used for their recovery and their application as antioxidants in food products. RESULTS The review has been structured in three parts. In the first part, the main compounds present in essential oils extracted from medicinal plants have been listed and described. In the second part, the most important technologies used for extraction and distillation, have been presented. In detail, conventional methods have been described and compared with innovative and green technologies. Finally, in the last part, the studies related to the application of essential oils as antioxidants in food products have been reviewed and the main findings discussed in detail. CONCLUSION In summary, an overview of the aforementioned subjects is presented by discussing the results of the most recent published studies.
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Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure by a Sex-Gender-Oriented Point of View.
Komici, K, Conti, V, Davinelli, S, Bencivenga, L, Rengo, G, Filippelli, A, Ferrara, N, Corbi, G
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020;:2176728
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals are considered an innovative strategy that helps to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Some phytochemicals have been shown to play a beneficial role in lipid metabolism, to improve endothelial function and to modify oxidative stress pathways in experimental and clinical models of cardiovascular impairment. Importantly, investigation on phytochemical effect on cardiac remodeling appears to be promising. Nowadays, drug therapy and implantation of devices have demonstrated to ameliorate survival. Of interest, sex-gender seems to influence the response to HF canonical therapies. In fact, starting by the evidence of the feminization of world population and the scarce efficacy and safety of the traditional drugs in women, the search of alternative therapeutic tools has become mandatory. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible role of dietary phytochemicals in HF therapy and the evidence of a different sex-gender-oriented response.
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Urinary Metabolomic Profiling Analysis and Evaluation of the Effect of Ecklonia cava Extract Intake.
Kim, J, Jung, Y, Lee, E, Jang, S, Ryu, DH, Kwon, O, Hwang, GS
Nutrients. 2020;(5)
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful tool for the investigation of interactions between diet, nutrients, and human metabolism. Ecklonia cava is an edible brown alga that is abundantly found in Korea and Japan and contains unique polyphenols referred to as phlorotannins. However, there are few metabolomics studies related to the effects of polyphenols in humans. In this study, we performed a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of urine samples from participants with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m2 and lower than 30 kg/m2 to investigate the effects of the intake of seapolynol isolated from E. cava. Metabolomic profiling showed that the levels of riboflavin, urocanic acid, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole glucuronide, and guanidino valeric acid were significantly increased in the seapolynol intake group compared with the placebo group. A correlation analysis was performed to identify the association between the metabolites' levels and clinical characteristics related to body fat. Among the metabolites whose concentrations changed in the seapolynol intake group, riboflavin was associated with BMI, body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat. These findings suggest that the decreased body fat induced by the intake of seapolynol is related to an increase in the antioxidant effect of riboflavin.
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6.
The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep.
Otocka-Kmiecik, A, Król, A
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.
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7.
A new understanding: Gene expression, cell characteristic and antioxidant enzymes of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under the D-fructose regulation.
Liu, H, Dai, L, Wang, F, Li, X, Liu, W, Pan, B, Wang, C, Zhang, D, Deng, J, Li, Z
Enzyme and microbial technology. 2020;:109409
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a well-known salt-tolerant yeast. In our previous study, it was interesting that Z. rouxii could produce higher levels of 4-hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2 H)-furanone in 120 g/L D-fructose and 180 g/L NaCl involved YPD medium at 5 d. In order to explore the resistance and furanone production mechanisms of Z. rouxii under D-fructose regulation, a comparative transcriptomics method in Z. rouxii was to set to find differentially expressed genes, the physiological and biochemical indexes (growth and cell morphology, lipid peroxidation and relative electrical conductivity, the antioxidant enzymes activity), and the expression of oxidoreductase activity genes. The results indicated that a larger number of different expressed genes at transcriptome analysis, such as the series antioxidant enzymes were related to the resistance characteristics. Research had confirmed that the living cell numbers and cell areas of D-fructose regulation group were significantly lower than the controls at the initial stage, while those higher than of the controls at the late stage. During the fermentation period, the lipid peroxidation and the relative electrical conductivity of the yeast cell membrane were increased. And also the D-fructose regulation group present lower inhibition superoxide anion ability. The activity of CAT in the D-fructose regulation group was always higher than that of the control group. Only the activity of GSH-Px was found to be significantly increased at 1 d except for other enzymes activities. Most of the oxidoreductase activity genes, such as especially the GSH-Px gene under D-fructose regulation conditions were expressed at higher levels than those of control groups. Combining the levels of transcription and enzymes activity data, those could understand that exogenous D-fructose had a stress effect on Z. rouxii at the early stage of culture. With the fermentation time progress, it was no longer a stressor substance for the Z. rouxii, and changed the nutrient to promote growth of Z. rouxii in the later stages. During the whole process, GSH-Px was the main defense enzyme and CAT was the sustained defense enzyme. Therefore, the experimental results might provide effective mechanisms in Z. rouxii for practical application of furanone production in the industry under exogenous D-fructose regulation.
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Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on clinical features of migraine: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Parohan, M, Sarraf, P, Javanbakht, MH, Ranji-Burachaloo, S, Djalali, M
Nutritional neuroscience. 2020;(11):868-875
Abstract
Objective: Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant and an essential mitochondrial cofactor which has been suggested to improve the clinical features of migraine. Several randomized clinical trials have examined the effects of Coenzyme Q10 on migraine with inconclusive results. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane library and Scopus to identify eligible studies up to April 2018. Studies included were randomized clinical trials of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation that reported the frequency, severity, or duration of migraine attacks as a primary outcome. A meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed using the fixed effects model or the random effects model to estimate pooled effect size. Results: Four randomized clinical trials with 221 participants were included. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation significantly reduced the frequency of migraine attacks (weighted mean difference: -1.87 attacks/month, 95% CI: -2.69 to -1.05, p < 0.001) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I 2 = 36.6%, p = 0.192). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation had no significant effect on severity (weighted mean difference: -2.35 visual analog scale score, 95% CI: -5.19 to 0.49, p = 0.105) and duration of migraine attacks (weighted mean difference: -6.14 h, 95% CI: -13.14 to 0.87, p = 0.086) with high heterogeneity. Conclusion: Pooled analyses of available randomized clinical trials suggest that Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may reduce the frequency of migraine attacks per month without affecting the severity or duration of migraine attacks.
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9.
Effects of vitamin C supplementation on essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Guan, Y, Dai, P, Wang, H
Medicine. 2020;(8):e19274
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C as a supplement to treat hypertension has been proposed. However, it remains controversial whether vitamin C can improve blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. OBJECTIVES To analyze the effect of vitamin C (VitC) supplementation on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS We searched the Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, WANFANG Data, Cochrane Library, National Library of Medicine's PubMed, EMBASE, and other databases until June 2019. Eight RCTs involving 614 participants were analyzed. SBP and DBP before and after VitC supplementation were compared between the intervention and control groups. The risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Two reviewers selected studies independently of each other. The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.3 was used to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the change of SBP (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -4.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] -5.56, -2.62; P < .001) and DBP (WMD = -2.30; 95% CI -4.27, -.331; P = .02) between the groups. Further, there was a significant difference in the SBP (WMD = -3.75, 95% CI -6.24, -1.26, P = .003) and DBP (WMD = -3.29, 95% CI -5.98, -.60, P = .02) for the subgroup with an age ≥60 years and that with ≥35 participants. In the subgroup analysis, result for SBP with a study duration ≥6 weeks was statistically significant different (WMD = -4.77; 95% CI -6.46, -3.08; P < .001). For an intervention dose of VitC ≥500 mg daily, SBP was statistically significant (WMD = -5.01; 95% CI -8.55, -1.48; P = .005). CONCLUSION VitC supplementation resulted in a significant reduction of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.
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10.
Effect of Antioxidants on the Fibroblast Replicative Lifespan In Vitro.
Sadowska-Bartosz, I, Bartosz, G
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020;:6423783
Abstract
Replicative senescence is an unalterable growth arrest of primary cells in the culture system. It has been reported that aging in vivo is related to the limited replicative capacity that normal somatic cells show in vitro. If oxidative damage contributes to the lifespan limitation, antioxidants are expected to extend the replicative lifespan of fibroblasts. This article critically reviews the results of experiments devoted to this problem performed within the last decades under conditions of in vitro culture. The results of studied are heterogeneous, some papers showing no effects of antioxidants; most finding limited enhancement of reproductive capacity of fibroblasts, some reporting a significant extension of replicative lifespan (RLS). Both natural and synthetic antioxidants were found to extend the RLS of fibroblasts, either by a direct antioxidant effect or, indirectly, by activation of signaling pathways and activation of proteasomes or hormetic effects. Most significant prolongation of RLS was reported so far for nicotinamide, N-hydroxylamines, carnosine and Methylene Blue. These results may be of importance for the design of skin-protecting cosmetics.