-
1.
Appetite Reducing Herbal Drugs from the Perspective of Avicenna and Aghili in Iranian Traditional Medicine (Persian medicine).
Parsa, E, Mokaberinejad, R, Khodadoost, M, Zareiyan, A, Mojahedi, M, Yaghmaei, F, Jafari, P, Hakimi, F
Current drug discovery technologies. 2019;(4):400-405
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity is one of the major problems of today's society. Man needs food to continue living, daily activities, and even the metabolism of food; and appetite plays an important role in receiving foods. Appetite and weight reducing synthetic drugs, which are mostly costly and have significant side effects, are recommended for some patients, and have limited effectiveness in the treatment of obesity. Given the epidemic of obesity and the lack of satisfaction with synthetic drugs these days, people are more likely to use herbal medicines. Complementary medicine has always been considered for the choice of new treatment. This medicine has a long history. Persian Medicine is one of the traditional medicine systems. This study was a qualitative study on the Books of Canon and the Makhzan Al-Aladvia. Saffron has been introduced in both modern medicine and in Iranian medicine to reduce appetite. In the case of Purslane seed and Chio nut, Figs, Sesame seeds, Camphor, and Solomon's seal, and Opium poppy, which have been appetite suppressant in traditional medicine books, in the books and articles of modern medicine, they have not proved to be appetite reducing. Modern medicine has known Gourd as a weight reducing food with the effects on fat but there is no talk about its effects on appetite. According to traditional Iranian medicine, Chio nut causes anorexia due to weakness in the stomach. Therefore, it is not advisable for weight loss. More clinical studies are conducted to prove the effects of appetite suppressant and weight loss effects of these herbal medicines seem logical.
-
2.
Caffeine Transiently Affects Food Intake at Breakfast.
Panek-Shirley, LM, DeNysschen, C, O'Brien, E, Temple, JL
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2018;(10):1832-1843
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is frequently added to dietary supplements with claims it facilitates weight loss. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that caffeine administration reduces laboratory and free-living food intake by reducing appetite and that these effects vary by body mass index (BMI). PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Fifty adults aged 18 to 50 years completed the study (42% male). Exclusion criteria included no previous experience with caffeine, previous adverse event following caffeine consumption, taking any medications or having a medical condition contraindicating caffeine or stimulant consumption or affecting appetite or eating, and reported tobacco use within the past 6 months. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION Participants visited the laboratory on four separate occasions to complete a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. On the first three visits, participants consumed a beverage containing 0, 1, or 3 mg/kg caffeine (order randomized). Thirty minutes later, participants consumed a buffet breakfast, ad libitum. After leaving the laboratory, participants completed hourly appetite assessments and dietary habit books until midnight or bedtime. The fourth session consisted of questionnaires, debriefing, and compensation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total and macronutrient intake and appetite sensations in and out of the laboratory were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Intake data were analyzed using mixed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Appetite sensations were analyzed using repeated measures mixed ANCOVA. RESULTS Total laboratory energy intake was lower (∼10%) after 1 mg/kg caffeine (650.4±52.2 kcal at 1 mg/kg; 721.2±63.2 at 0 mg/kg; 714.7±79.0 at 3 mg/kg) (P=0.046). In the laboratory, appetite sensations were not significantly different by caffeine treatment. Out of the laboratory, neither total intake nor appetite was significantly different by caffeine treatment. There were no significant interactions between caffeine treatment and BMI on intake and appetite sensations in or out of the laboratory. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest caffeine has weak, transient effects on energy intake and do not support caffeine as an effective appetite suppressant.
-
3.
Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: An Umbrella Systematic Review.
Rajjo, T, Mohammed, K, Alsawas, M, Ahmed, AT, Farah, W, Asi, N, Almasri, J, Prokop, LJ, Murad, MH
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2017;(3):763-775
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple interventions are available to reduce excess body weight in children. We appraised the quality of evidence supporting each intervention and assessed the effectiveness on different obesity-related outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials evaluating pediatric obesity interventions applied for ≥6 months. We assessed the quality of evidence for each intervention using GRADE (Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. RESULTS From 16 systematic reviews, we identified 133 eligible randomized controlled trials. Physical activity interventions reduced systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose (low to moderate quality of evidence). Dietary interventions with low-carbohydrate diets had a similar effect to low-fat diets in terms of body mass index (BMI) reduction (moderate quality of evidence). Educational interventions reduced waist circumference, BMI, and diastolic blood pressure (low quality of evidence). Pharmacological interventions reduced BMI (metformin, sibutramine, orlistat) and waist circumference (sibutramine, orlistat) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sibutramine) but also raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure (sibutramine). Surgical interventions (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy) resulted in the largest BMI reduction (moderate quality of evidence). Combined interventions consisting of dietary modification, physical activity, behavioral therapy, and education significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and triglycerides. Combined parent-child interventions and parent-only interventions had similar effects on BMI (low quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS Several childhood obesity interventions are effective in improving metabolic and anthropometric measures. A comprehensive multicomponent intervention, however, appears to have the best overall outcomes.
-
4.
Review of the Ongoing Story of Appetite Suppressants, Serotonin Pathway, and Pulmonary Vascular Disease.
Bazan, IS, Fares, WH
The American journal of cardiology. 2016;(10):1691-1696
Abstract
Obesity is pandemic in the Western Hemisphere, especially in the United States (US) and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Recent data show that a large proportion of the US population is at least overweight and almost 2 in 5 Americans are obese. This ongoing trend of increasing obesity rates has led to a thriving market for anorexigens. Despite the health benefits of weight loss, several anorexigens had devastating side effects including pulmonary vascular disease which manifests as the clinical syndrome of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is an incurable and fatal disease and is characterized by vascular constriction, hypertrophy, and proliferation that over time lead to right-sided cardiac failure. Over the past few decades, several weight loss medications have been associated with the development of PAH, possibly caused by an increase in systemic serotonin levels, resulting in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries and initiating a cascade of pathologic vascular remodeling leading to vascular fibrosis. Once sufficient evidence for the association of these drugs with PAH or other related pathologies was found, many were removed from the market. However, there are other appetite suppressants still currently on the market (whether Food and Drug Administration-approved or "dietary supplements") that have to some extent similar mechanisms of action to those associated with PAH but lack robust enough data to prove or disprove an association. The serotonin pathway seems to be repeatedly implicated. In conclusion, given that PAH is a progressive and debilitating disease, it is important to highlight possible risk factors that could be avoided.
-
5.
The effect of encapsulated glutamine on gut peptide secretion in human volunteers.
Meek, CL, Lewis, HB, Vergese, B, Park, A, Reimann, F, Gribble, F
Peptides. 2016;:38-46
Abstract
CONTEXT Weight loss and improved blood glucose control after bariatric surgery have been attributed in part to increased ileal nutrient delivery with enhanced release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Non-surgical strategies to manage obesity are required. The aim of the current study was to assess whether encapsulated glutamine, targeted to the ileum, could increase GLP-1 secretion, improve glucose tolerance or reduce meal size. METHODS A single-center, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed in 24 healthy volunteers and 8 patients with type 2 diabetes. Fasting participants received a single dose of encapsulated ileal-release glutamine (3.6 or 6.0 g) or placebo per visit with blood sampling at baseline and for 4h thereafter. Glucose tolerance and meal size were studied using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and ad libitum meal respectively. RESULTS In healthy volunteers, ingestion of 6.0 g glutamine was associated with increased GLP-1 concentrations after 90 min compared with placebo (mean 10.6 pg/ml vs 6.9 pg/ml, p=0.004), increased insulin concentrations after 90 min (mean 70.9 vs 48.5, p=0.048), and increased meal size at 120 min (mean 542 g eaten vs 481 g, p=0.008). Ingestion of 6.0 g glutamine was not associated with significant differences in GLP-1, glucose or insulin concentrations after a glucose tolerance test in healthy or type 2 diabetic participants. CONCLUSIONS Single oral dosing of encapsulated glutamine did not provoke consistent increases in GLP-1 and insulin secretion and was not associated with beneficial metabolic effects in healthy volunteers or patients with type 2 diabetes.
-
6.
New Dietary Supplements for Obesity: What We Currently Know.
Ríos-Hoyo, A, Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G
Current obesity reports. 2016;(2):262-70
Abstract
Obesity and its associated cardiometabolic alterations currently are considered an epidemic; thus, their treatment is of major importance. The cornerstone for such treatment involves therapeutic lifestyle changes; however, the vast majority of cases fail and/or significant weight loss is maintained only in the short term because of lack of compliance. The popularity of dietary supplements for weight management has increased, and a wide variety of these products are available over the counter. However, the existing scientific evidence is insufficient to recommend their safe use. Hence, the purpose of this article is to review the clinical effects, proposed mechanism of action, and safety profile of some of the new dietary supplements, including white bean extract, Garcinia cambogia, bitter orange, Hoodia gordonii, forskolin, green coffee, glucomannan, β-glucans, chitosan, guar gum, and raspberry ketones.
-
7.
Mouth rinsing with a sweet solution increases energy expenditure and decreases appetite during 60 min of self-regulated walking exercise.
Deighton, K, Duckworth, L, Matu, J, Suter, M, Fletcher, C, Stead, S, Ali, S, Gunby, N, Korsness, K
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2016;(12):1255-1261
Abstract
Carbohydrate mouth rinsing can improve endurance exercise performance and is most ergogenic when exercise is completed in the fasted state. This strategy may also be beneficial to increase exercise capacity and the energy deficit achieved during moderate-intensity exercise relevant to weight control when performed after an overnight fast. Eighteen healthy men (mean (SD); age, 23 (4) years; body mass index, 23.1 (2.4) kg·m-2) completed a familiarisation trial and 3 experimental trials. After an overnight fast, participants performed 60 min of treadmill walking at a speed that equated to a rating of perceived exertion of 13 ("fairly hard"). Participants manually adjusted the treadmill speed to maintain this exertion. Mouth rinses for the experimental trials contained either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution with sweetener (CHO), a taste-matched placebo (PLA), or water (WAT). Appetite ratings were collected using visual analogue scales and exercise energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were calculated from online gas analysis. Increased walking distance during CHO and PLA induced greater energy expenditure compared with WAT (mean difference (90% confidence interval); 79 (60) kJ, P = 0.035, d = 0.24; and 90 (63) kJ, P = 0.024, d = 0.27, respectively). Appetite area under the curve was lower in CHO and PLA than WAT (8 (6) mm, P = 0.042, d = 0.43; and 6 (8) mm, P = 0.201, d = 0.32, respectively). Carbohydrate oxidation was higher in CHO than PLA and WAT (7.3 (6.7) g, P = 0.078, d = 0.47; and 10.1 (6.5) g, P = 0.015, d = 0.81, respectively). This study provides novel evidence that mouth rinsing with a sweetened solution may promote a greater energy deficit during moderate-exertion walking exercise by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite. A placebo effect may have contributed to these benefits.
-
8.
Effects of a meal replacement system alone or in combination with phentermine on weight loss and food cravings.
Moldovan, CP, Weldon, AJ, Daher, NS, Schneider, LE, Bellinger, DL, Berk, LS, Hermé, AC, Aréchiga, AL, Davis, WL, Peters, WR
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2016;(11):2344-2350
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of phentermine combined with a meal replacement program on weight loss and food cravings and to investigate the relationship between food cravings and weight loss. METHODS In a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 77 adults with obesity received either phentermine or placebo. All participants were provided Medifast® meal replacements, were instructed to follow the Take Shape for Life® Optimal Weight 5&1 Plan for weight loss, and received lifestyle coaching in the Habits of Health program. The Food Craving Inventory and the General Food Cravings State and Trait Questionnaires were used to measure food cravings. RESULTS The phentermine group lost 12.1% of baseline body weight compared with 8.8% in the placebo group. Cravings for all food groups decreased in both groups; however, there was a greater reduction in cravings for fats and sweets in the phentermine group compared with the placebo group. Percent weight loss correlated significantly with reduced total food cravings (r = 0.332, P = 0.009), cravings for sweets (r = 0.412, P < 0.000), and state food cravings (r = 0.320, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Both phentermine combined with a meal replacement program and meal replacements alone significantly reduced body weight and food cravings; however, the addition of phentermine enhanced these effects.
-
9.
Gastrointestinal microbiome modulator improves glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects: A randomized controlled pilot trial.
Rebello, CJ, Burton, J, Heiman, M, Greenway, FL
Journal of diabetes and its complications. 2015;(8):1272-6
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a gastrointestinal microbiome modulator (GIMM) containing inulin, β-glucan, blueberry anthocyanins, and blueberry polyphenols on metabolic parameters, fecal markers of gut microbiota, and satiety. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty overweight or obese individuals aged 18 to 70years, were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Participants consumed the test product or placebo daily for four weeks. Stool samples were collected and blood was drawn at baseline and week four for assessments of gut microbiota, satiety hormones, glucose control, and lipid measures. Subjective satiety was assessed weekly. Linear models were used to compare differences from baseline to week four. RESULTS GIMM consumption improved blood glucose tolerance (p=0.008), and increased satiety (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in insulin sensitivity, fecal markers of gut microbiota, plasma satiety hormones, or serum lipid concentrations between the groups. However, plasma satiety hormones and fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations increased in the test group compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS GIMM consumption for four weeks, increases satiety, and improves glucose tolerance possibly through insulin-independent pathways.
-
10.
[SNACK HIGH WHEY PROTEIN IMPROVES THE LEVEL OF SATIETY AND REDUCES APPETITE HEALTHY WOMEN].
Reyna, N, Moreno-Rojas, R, Mendoza, L, Urdaneta, A, Artigas, C, Reyna, E, Cámara Martos, F
Nutricion hospitalaria. 2015;(4):1624-8
Abstract
BACKGROUND the nutritional content and energy density of foods is related to greater control of appetite, satiety and reducing food intake. METHODS/SUBJECTS the randomized crossover study included 20 healthy women, aged 20 and 30 years with a BMI of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2 and who completed that included 3 day trial comparing 8 hours 130 kcal snacks consumed afternoon: yoghurt with added whey protein (PSL), biscuits and chocolate. Participants consumed a standardized menu; snack was consumed 3 hours after lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were evaluated during the afternoon until dinner voluntary intake ad libitum. They repeat the same snack 3 times. RESULTS consumption of yogurt with PSL led to a further reduction of appetite in the afternoon in front of the snack of chocolate and biscuits (p < 0.001). No differences of appetite in the afternoon between chocolate vs cookies but significant difference between yogurt with PSL and other treatments (p < 0.001) were detected. At snack, yogurt there was a significant reduction in caloric intake compared to other snacks (p < 0.001) and a later request for dinner with about 45 minutes apart. CONCLUSIONS snacks with less energy density and rich in protein (yogurt with PSL) improve the control of appetite, satiety and reduces food intake in healthy women later.