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Current Data on Dietary Sodium, Arterial Structure and Function in Humans: A Systematic Review.
Tsirimiagkou, C, Basdeki, ED, Argyris, A, Manios, Y, Yannakoulia, M, Protogerou, AD, Karatzi, K
Nutrients. 2019;(1)
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical arterial damage (SAD) (arteriosclerosis, arterial remodeling and atheromatosis) pre-exists decades before cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset. Worldwide, sodium (Na) intake is almost double international recommendations and has been linked with CVD and death, although in a J-shape manner. Studies regarding dietary Na and major types of SAD may provide pathophysiological insight into the association between Na and CVD. OBJECTIVES Systematic review of data derived from observational and interventional studies in humans, investigating the association between dietary Na with (i) atheromatosis (arterial plaques); (ii) arteriosclerosis (various biomarkers of arterial stiffness); (iii) arterial remodeling (intima-media thickening and arterial lumen diameters). DATA SOURCES Applying the PRISMA criteria, the PubMed and Scopus databases were used. RESULTS 36 studies were included: 27 examining arteriosclerosis, four arteriosclerosis and arterial remodeling, three arterial remodeling, and two arterial remodeling and atheromatosis. CONCLUSIONS (i) Although several studies exist, the evidence does not clearly support a clinically meaningful and direct (independent from blood pressure) effect of Na on arterial wall stiffening; (ii) data regarding the association of dietary Na with arterial remodeling are limited, mostly suggesting a positive trend between dietary Na and arterial hypertrophy but still inconclusive; (iii) as regards to atheromatosis, data are scarce and the available studies present high heterogeneity. Further state-of-the-art interventional studies must address the remaining controversies.
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Resveratrol and anti-atherogenic effects.
Riccioni, G, Gammone, MA, Tettamanti, G, Bergante, S, Pluchinotta, FR, D'Orazio, N
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2015;(6):603-10
Abstract
The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development has been increasingly well recognized over the past decade. Inflammation has a significant role at all stages of atherosclerosis, including initiation, progression and plaque formation. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in grape products, berry fruits and red wine. Its ability to behave therapeutically as a component of red wine has attracted wide attention. Accumulating evidence suggests that it is a highly pleiotropic molecule that modulates numerous targets and molecular functions. Epidemiological studies indicate that the Mediterranean diet, rich in resveratrol, is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis. Resveratrol is believed to decrease circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, reduce cardiovascular disease risk; it reduces lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and oxidative stress. Resveratrol is considered a safe compound, since no significant toxic effects have been demonstrated after administration of a broad range of concentrations, and an effective anti-atherogenic agent.
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Modern medical treatment with or without carotid endarterectomy for severe asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.
Kolos, I, Troitskiy, A, Balakhonova, T, Shariya, M, Skrypnik, D, Tvorogova, T, Deev, A, Boytsov, S, ,
Journal of vascular surgery. 2015;(4):914-22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the value of modern medical treatment (MMT) with and without carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis. METHODS We conducted a randomized trial involving 55 patients with 70% to 79% carotid stenosis at three Russian centers. Between 2009 and 2013, 31 patients were randomized to undergo CEA with MMT (CEA group) and 24 to receive MMT alone. The primary end point was nonfatal ipsilateral stroke or death from any cause during a follow-up period of 5.0 years. The secondary end point was any nonfatal stroke, carotid revascularization, or death from any cause during follow-up. RESULTS The trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 3.3 years (maximum, 5.0 years). There were two primary events in the CEA group and nine events in the MMT group. The 3.3-year cumulative primary event rates were 6.5% in the CEA group and 37.5% in the MMT group (hazard ratio for the MMT group, 5.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-16.79; P = .008). The 3.3-year cumulative secondary end point was 12.9% in the CEA group and 50.0% in the MMT group (hazard ratio for the MMT group, 4.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-11.53; P = .0048). CONCLUSIONS CEA as an initial management strategy could reduce the risk of death and major cerebrovascular events when added to MMT.
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[From the Point of View of Health Evaluation and Promotion (Ningen Dock) Facilities].
Yamashita, T, Funatsu, K, Kondo, S, Yokoyama, M, Mizuno, K, Nakamura, H
Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology. 2014;(9):892-4
Abstract
Since the direct method of LDL measurement is easy and convenient, many health evaluation and promotion facilities adopted it without sufficient discussion after specific health checkups started in Japan. For the purpose of reliable, specific health checkup data, we must review the methods and standardization of LDL measurement. I hope that medical societies, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and reagent manufacturers will collaborate.