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A review on anti-adhesion therapies of bacterial diseases.
Asadi, A, Razavi, S, Talebi, M, Gholami, M
Infection. 2019;(1):13-23
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by bacteria are a foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. The common strategy of treating bacterial infections is by local or systemic administration of antimicrobial agents. Currently, the increasing antibiotic resistance is a serious and global problem. Since the most important agent for infection is bacteria attaching to host cells, hence, new techniques and attractive approaches that interfere with the ability of the bacteria to adhere to tissues of the host or detach them from the tissues at the early stages of infection are good therapeutic strategies. METHODS All available national and international databanks were searched using the search keywords. Here, we review various approaches to anti-adhesion therapy, including use of receptor and adhesion analogs, dietary constituents, sublethal concentrations of antibiotics, and adhesion-based vaccines. RESULTS Altogether, the findings suggest that interference with bacterial adhesion serves as a new means to fight infectious diseases. CONCLUSION Anti-adhesion-based therapies can be effective in prevention and treatment of bacterial infections, but further work is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Probiotics interaction with foodborne pathogens: a potential alternative to antibiotics and future challenges.
Wan, MLY, Forsythe, SJ, El-Nezami, H
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(20):3320-3333
Abstract
Antibiotics are a key tool used nowadays in health care industry to fight against bacterial infections; however, repeated antibiotic use or misuses, have led to bacterial resistance, causing significant threats for many people with common bacterial infections. The use of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal health has been proposed for many years. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of probiotic bacteria as alternatives for antibiotics for preventing or treating various intestinal infections. Several important underlying mechanisms responsible for the antagonistic effects of probiotics on different microorganisms include: (1) competitive exclusion for adhesion sites and nutritional sources; (2) secretion of antimicrobial substances; (3) enhancement of intestinal barrier function; and (4) immunomodulation. However, their mode of action is not very well understood and therefore a clearer understanding of these mechanisms is necessitated. This will enable appropriate probiotic strains to be selected for particular applications and may reveal new probiotic functions. The goal of this review was to highlight some studies from literature describing the probiotic interaction with several major foodborne pathogens, as well as explore the mechanisms for such probiotic-pathogen interaction. The review will conclude by presenting future perspective and challenges of probiotic application in food products.
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Diet-Microbe-Host Interactions That Affect Gut Mucosal Integrity and Infection Resistance.
Forgie, AJ, Fouhse, JM, Willing, BP
Frontiers in immunology. 2019;:1802
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract microbiome plays a critical role in regulating host innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogenic bacteria. Disease associated dysbiosis and environmental induced insults, such as antibiotic treatments can lead to increased susceptibility to infection, particularly in a hospital setting. Dietary intervention is the greatest tool available to modify the microbiome and support pathogen resistance. Some dietary components can maintain a healthy disease resistant microbiome, whereas others can contribute to an imbalanced microbial population, impairing intestinal barrier function and immunity. Characterizing the effects of dietary components through the host-microbe axis as it relates to gastrointestinal health is vital to provide evidence-based dietary interventions to mitigate infections. This review will cover the effect of dietary components (carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, fats, polyphenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals) on intestinal integrity and highlight their ability to modulate host-microbe interactions as to improve pathogen resistance.
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The Role of Proteases in the Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria.
Figaj, D, Ambroziak, P, Przepiora, T, Skorko-Glonek, J
International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;(3)
Abstract
A pathogenic lifestyle is inextricably linked with the constant necessity of facing various challenges exerted by the external environment (both within and outside the host). To successfully colonize the host and establish infection, pathogens have evolved sophisticated systems to combat the host defense mechanisms and also to be able to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Proteases, as crucial components of these systems, are involved in a variety of processes associated with infection. In phytopathogenic bacteria, they play important regulatory roles and modulate the expression and functioning of various virulence factors. Secretory proteases directly help avoid recognition by the plant immune systems, and contribute to the deactivation of the defense response pathways. Finally, proteases are important components of protein quality control systems, and thus enable maintaining homeostasis in stressed bacterial cells. In this review, we discuss the known protease functions and protease-regulated signaling processes associated with virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria.
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5.
Role of divalent metals in infectious disease susceptibility and outcome.
Weiss, G, Carver, PL
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2018;(1):16-23
Abstract
BACKGROUND Divalent metals play important roles in maintaining metabolism and cellular growth of both eukaryotic hosts and invading microbes. Both metal deficiency and overload can result in abnormal cellular function or damage. Given its central role in host-pathogen interactions, subtle alterations of divalent metal homeostasis can occur in the course of infectious diseases which aim, from the host perspective, either to reduce the availability of respective metals to microbes or to use toxic metal accumulation to eliminate pathogens. AIMS To provide the reader with background information and clinical data on divalent metal homeostasis in host-pathogen interactions, how this affects the course of infectious disease and whether correction of metal disturbances has shown benefit in infections. SOURCES An in-depth analysis of PubMed articles related to the topic of this review published in English between 1970 and 2016 was performed. CONTENT From the microbial perspective, divalent metals are essential for growth and pathogenicity and to mount effective protection against antimicrobial host responses, including toxic radical formation. Microbes have evolved multiple strategies to control their access to divalent metals. From the clinical perspective, alterations of divalent metal levels may result in increased or decreased susceptibility to infection and often occur in response to infections. However, keeping in mind the strategies underlying such alterations, for which the term 'nutritional immunity' was coined, the uncritical correction of such divalent metal imbalances may cause harm to patients. This review addresses the role of the divalent metals iron, selenium, zinc, manganese and copper in infectious diseases from a mechanistic and clinical perspective. IMPLICATIONS We point out areas of research needed to expand our limited knowledge, hoping to improve the clinical management of patients with infections and to identify promising new targets for treatment by modulation of host or microbe divalent metal metabolism.
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Bioactivities of Phenolics by Focusing on Suppression of Chronic Diseases: A Review.
Shahidi, F, Yeo, J
International journal of molecular sciences. 2018;(6)
Abstract
Phenolics, which are secondary metabolites of plants, exhibit remarkable bioactivities. In this contribution, we have focused on their protective effect against chronic diseases rather than their antioxidant activities, which have been widely discussed in the literature. A large body of epidemiological studies has proven the bioactivities of phenolics in both standard compounds and natural extracts: namely, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities as well as reducing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Phenolics also display anti-analgesic, anti-allergic, and anti-Alzheimer's properties. Thus, this review provides crucial information for better understanding the bioactivities of phenolics in foods and fills a gap in the existing collective and overall knowledge in the field.
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Nanocoatings for Chronic Wound Repair-Modulation of Microbial Colonization and Biofilm Formation.
Mihai, MM, Preda, M, Lungu, I, Gestal, MC, Popa, MI, Holban, AM
International journal of molecular sciences. 2018;(4)
Abstract
Wound healing involves a complex interaction between immunity and other natural host processes, and to succeed it requires a well-defined cascade of events. Chronic wound infections can be mono- or polymicrobial but their major characteristic is their ability to develop a biofilm. A biofilm reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases resistance. A biofilm is an ecosystem on its own, enabling the bacteria and the host to establish different social interactions, such as competition or cooperation. With an increasing incidence of chronic wounds and, implicitly, of chronic biofilm infections, there is a need for alternative therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology shows promising openings, either by the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles or their function as drug carriers. Nanoparticles and nanostructured coatings can be active at low concentrations toward a large variety of infectious agents; thus, they are unlikely to elicit emergence of resistance. Nanoparticles might contribute to the modulation of microbial colonization and biofilm formation in wounds. This comprehensive review comprises the pathogenesis of chronic wounds, the role of chronic wound colonization and infection in the healing process, the conventional and alternative topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing, as well as revolutionizing therapies such as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches.
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8.
Probiotics in Prevention of Surgical Site Infections.
Siddharthan, R, Chapek, M, Warren, M, Martindale, R
Surgical infections. 2018;(8):781-784
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in peri-operative care, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain an important contributor to morbidity, cost, and death. The human gastrointestinal tract is a complex microenvironment linking host cells and the indigenous microflora or "microbiome," creating a "super-organism" that engages in macro-nutrient and micro-nutrient extraction for the host while serving as a barrier to toxins and other detrimental bacterial end-products. Maintaining a healthy microbiome in the peri-operative period may enable control of multi-drug resistance (MDR) organisms, whereas use of antibiotics simply resets the dysbiotic relation by eliminating multiple strains of bacteria. Such loss of microbial diversity or abundance can slow wound healing. Use of pro-biotics to prevent infection has been evaluated in several studies, but their utility is not yet clear. There is a clear need for randomized trials to draw firm conclusions about their efficacy and to make clinical recommendations.
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Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity.
Dobner, J, Kaser, S
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2018;(1):24-28
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status is a well-known risk factor for metabolic and endocrine disorders. Recent studies suggest that dietary intake also affects immune function and as a consequence infection risk. AIMS This reviews aims to give an overview on the effect of body weight on infection rate at different periods of life. SOURCES Clinically relevant prospective, cross-sectional and case-control community-based studies are summarized. CONTENT In children and adolescents underweight is a significant risk factor for infection especially in developing countries, probably reflecting malnutrition and poor hygienic standards. Data from industrialized countries suggest that infection rate is also increased in obese children and adolescents. Similarly, several studies suggest a U-shaped increased infection rate in both underweight and obese adults. In the latter, infections of the skin and respiratory tract as well as surgical-site infections have consistently been reported to be more common than in normal-weight participants. Paradoxically, mortality of critically ill patients was reduced in obesity in some studies. IMPLICATIONS Several studies in children or adults suggest that both underweight and obesity are associated with increased infection risk. However, confounding factors such as malnutrition, hygienic status and underlying disease or co-morbidities might aggravate accurate assessment of the impact of body weight on infection risk.
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10.
Metal homeostasis in infectious disease: recent advances in bacterial metallophores and the human metal-withholding response.
Neumann, W, Gulati, A, Nolan, EM
Current opinion in chemical biology. 2017;:10-18
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Abstract
A tug-of-war between the mammalian host and bacterial pathogen for nutrients, including first-row transition metals (e.g. Mn, Fe, Zn), occurs during infection. Here we present recent advances about three metal-chelating metabolites that bacterial pathogens deploy when invading the host: staphylopine, staphyloferrin B, and enterobactin. These highlights provide new insights into the mechanisms of bacterial metal acquisition and regulation, as well as the contributions of host-defense proteins during the human innate immune response. The studies also underscore that the chemical composition of the microenvironment at an infection site can influence bacterial pathogenesis and the innate immune system.