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Whole-body electrical stimulation as a strategy to improve functional capacity and preserver lean mass after bariatric surgery: a randomized triple-blind controlled trial.
André, LD, Basso-Vanelli, RP, Ricci, PA, Di Thommazo-Luporini, L, de Oliveira, CR, Haddad, GF, Haddad, JM, Parizotto, NA, de Vieira, R, Arena, R, et al
International journal of obesity (2005). 2021;(7):1476-1487
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bariatric surgery (BS) is a successful, long-lasting treatment option for obese. The early postoperative (PO) period is followed by dietary restriction and physical inactivity, leading to declines in muscle mass and functional capacity. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) may be a feasible and potential early rehabilitation strategy post BS. The aim was to evaluate the effects of WB-EMS with exercise training (Fe) on functional capacity, body composition, blood biomarkers, muscle strength, and endurance post BS. SUBJECTS/METHODS This is a randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled trial. Thirty-five volunteers underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and were randomized into a WB-EMS (WB-EMSG) or control group (ShamG). Preoperative evaluations consisted of maximal and submaximal exercise testing, body composition, blood biomarkers, quadriceps strength, and endurance. After discharge, functional capacity and body composition were obtained. Exercise training protocols in both groups consisted of 14 dynamic exercises, 5 days per week, completing 30 sessions. The WB-EMSG also underwent an electrical stimulation protocol (Endurance: 85 Hz, 350 ms, 6 s of strain, 4 f of rest; Strength: 30 Hz, 350 ms, 4 s of strain, 10 seconds of rest, with bipolar electrical pulse). After intervention, subjects were reevaluated. RESULTS The protocol started on average 6.7 ± 3.7 days after discharge. Both groups presented with a decline in functional capacity after BS (p < 0.05) and a reduction in all body composition measurements (p < 0.05). The exercise training program led to significant improvements in functional capacity (ShamG - PO: 453.8 ± 66.1 m, Post: 519.2 ± 62.8 m; WB-EMSG- PO: 435.9 ± 74.5, Post: 562.5 ± 66.4 m, p < 0.05), however, only the WB-EMSG demonstrated significant changes of distance walked (interaction time vs group effect, p < 0.05). In addition, adiponectin significantly increased only in the WB-EMSG (p < 0.05). The WB-EMSG was also able to preserve muscle strength, endurance, and fatigue index, while the ShamG demonstrated significant decline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION WB-EMS + Fe can be an attractive and feasible method following BS to enhance functional capacity and prevent deterioration of muscle function in the early PO. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ReBEC, RBR-99qw5h, on 20 February 2015.
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Hypocaloric diet with lower meal frequency did not affect weight loss, body composition and insulin responsiveness, but improved lipid profile: a randomized clinical trial.
Grangeiro, ÉD, Trigueiro, MS, Siais, LO, Paiva, HM, Sola-Penna, M, Alves, MR, Rosado, EL
Food & function. 2021;(24):12594-12605
Abstract
Dietary approaches are essential to control obesity, but the effectiveness of changes in meal frequency (MF) as a strategy for body weight loss or maintenance remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of MF of a hypocaloric diet on weight loss, body composition, active ghrelin levels and metabolic indicators of obese women. This is a randomized, parallel clinical trial, including 40 women divided into two groups that received a hypocaloric diet with different MFs: MF6: six meals per day, and MF3: three meals per day. Dietary, laboratory, anthropometric and body composition indicators were assessed, as well as energy expenditure (EE), before and after the 90 days of the intervention. Dietary consumption did not differ between groups, before or after intervention. The two groups reduced their energy intake after intervention, but there were no differences between the groups. Waist circumference (WC) was reduced and resting metabolic rate had increased in the MF3 group at the end compared to baseline. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the triglyceride levels between groups after intervention, with an important reduction in the MF3 group, although changes in body composition, blood glucose, plasma ghrelin levels and EE variables did not differ between the groups at the end. It is concluded that, the hypocaloric diet with different MF each day did not change weight loss, body composition or insulin responsiveness, but there was an improvement of triglyceridemia in the MF3 group. The present study suggests that eating snacks between meals is not an important factor for weight loss and improvement of metabolic health in women with obesity.
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Effects of 8 wk of 16:8 Time-restricted Eating in Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners.
Brady, AJ, Langton, HM, Mulligan, M, Egan, B
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2021;(3):633-642
Abstract
PURPOSE Eight weeks of time-restricted eating (TRE) in concert with habitual exercise training was investigated for effects on body composition, energy and macronutrient intakes, indices of endurance running performance, and markers of metabolic health in endurance athletes. METHODS Male middle- and long-distance runners (n = 23) were randomly assigned to TRE (n = 12) or habitual dietary intake (CON; n = 11). TRE required participants to consume all of their dietary intake within an 8-h eating window (so-called 16:8 TRE), but dietary patterns, food choices, and energy intake were ad libitum during this window. Participants continued their habitual training during the intervention period. Participants completed an incremental exercise test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 8-wk intervention for the assessment of blood lactate concentrations, running economy, and maximal oxygen uptake. Fasted blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations. Dietary intake was assessed at PRE, MID (week 4), and POST using a 4-d semiweighed food diary. RESULTS Seventeen participants (TRE, n = 10; CON, n = 7) completed the intervention. Training load did not differ between groups for the duration of the intervention period. TRE resulted in a reduction in body mass (mean difference of -1.92 kg, 95% confidence interval = -3.52 to -0.32, P = 0.022). Self-reported daily energy intake was lower in TRE at MID and POST (group-time interaction, P = 0.049). No effect of TRE was observed for oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, running economy, blood lactate concentrations, or heart rate during exercise, nor were there any effects on glucose, insulin, or triglyceride concentrations observed. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of 16:8 TRE in middle- and long-distance runners resulted in a decrease in body mass commensurate with a reduction in daily energy intake, but it did not alter indices of endurance running performance or metabolic health.
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Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis.
Mattioni Maturana, F, Martus, P, Zipfel, S, NIEß, AM
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2021;(3):559-573
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function. METHODS Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE. Studies were included if at least one of the following outcomes were reported: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), body mass index (BMI), body mass, percent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A total of 55 studies were included. RESULTS Overall, HIIE was superior to MICT in improving V˙O2max (d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and FMD (d = 0.54, P < 0.05). Oppositely, MICT was superior to HIIE in improving HbA1c (d = -0.27, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMI (d = -0.02), body mass (d = -0.05), percent body fat (d = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (d = -0.04), diastolic blood pressure (d = 0.03), HDL (d = -0.05), LDL (d = 0.08), triglycerides (d = 0.03), total cholesterol (d = 0.14), CRP (d = -0.11), fasting insulin (d = 0.02), fasting glucose (d = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (d = -0.04). Moderator analyses indicated that the difference between HIIE and MICT was affected by different subgroups. CONCLUSION Overall, HIIE showed to be more effective in improving cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas MICT was superior in improving long-term glucose metabolism. In the process of personalized training counseling, health-enhancing effects of exercise training may be improved by considering the individual risk profiles.
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Body mass does not reflect the body composition changes in response to similar physical training in young women and men.
Foulis, SA, Hughes, JM, Walker, LA, Guerriere, KI, Taylor, KM, Proctor, SP, Friedl, KE
International journal of obesity (2005). 2021;(3):659-665
Abstract
INTRODUCTION U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) prepares new recruits to meet soldier physical demands. It also serves as a model of physical changes in healthy young nonobese women and men during an intensive 10-week training program without diet restriction. In this prospective observational study, we quantified the changes in lean mass and body fat induced by BCT in a large sample of men and women undergoing the same physical training program. METHODS Young women (n = 573) and men (n = 1071) meeting Army health and fitness recruitment standards volunteered to provide DXA-derived body composition data at the beginning and end of BCT. RESULTS During BCT, there was no change in body mass in women and a 1.7-kg loss in men. Relative body fat (%BF) declined by an average of 4.0 ± 2.4 and 3.4 ± 2.8 percentage points (±SD) for women and men, respectively. The greatest predictor of change in %BF during BCT for both sexes was %BF at the beginning of training. Women and men gained an average 2.7 ± 1.6 kg and 1.7 ± 2.0 kg of lean mass during BCT. CONCLUSIONS Army BCT produced significant effects on body composition despite minimal changes in total body mass. These findings demonstrate the ability of a 10-week sex-integrated physical training program to positively alter body composition profiles of young adults.
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The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review.
Khatri, M, Naughton, RJ, Clifford, T, Harper, LD, Corr, L
Amino acids. 2021;(10):1493-1506
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Abstract
Collagen peptide supplementation (COL), in conjunction with exercise, may be beneficial for the management of degenerative bone and joint disorders. This is likely due to stimulatory effects of COL and exercise on the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, improving structure and load-bearing capabilities. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature available on the combined impact of COL and exercise. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a literature search of three electronic databases-PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL-was conducted in June 2020. Fifteen randomised controlled trials were selected after screening 856 articles. The study populations included 12 studies in recreational athletes, 2 studies in elderly participants and 1 in untrained pre-menopausal women. Study outcomes were categorised into four topics: (i) joint pain and recovery from joint injuries, (ii) body composition, (iii) muscle soreness and recovery from exercise, and (iv) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and collagen synthesis. The results indicated that COL is most beneficial in improving joint functionality and reducing joint pain. Certain improvements in body composition, strength and muscle recovery were present. Collagen synthesis rates were elevated with 15 g/day COL but did not have a significant impact on MPS when compared to isonitrogenous higher quality protein sources. Exact mechanisms for these adaptations are unclear, with future research using larger sample sizes, elite athletes, female participants and more precise outcome measures such as muscle biopsies and magnetic imagery.
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Effect of tai chi on glycaemic control, lipid metabolism and body composition in adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Guo, S, Xu, Y, Qin, J, Chen, Y, You, Y, Tao, J, Liu, Z, Huang, J
Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2021;(3):jrm00165
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of tai chi on metabolic control and body composition indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature. METHODS Electronic resource databases were searched to collect eligible studies. Two reviewers selected studies and independently evaluated method-ological quality. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that tai chi had significant effects in improving metabolic indices, such as fasting blood glucose (mean differ-ence (MD) = -1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -1.42 to 0.66; p < 0.01) and total cholesterol (MD = -0.50; 95% CI -0.86 to -0.13; p < 0.01) compared with conventional clinical therapy. Most in-dices did not support the use of tai chi over aerobic exercise, except for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (MD = -0.24; 95% CI -0.49 to 0.00; p < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (MD = 0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Tai chi had better effects on metabolic control and body composition indicators than clinical conventional therapy, but only on HbA1c and HDL were superior than that of aerobic exercise. The best time-window for tai chi intervention may differ with different metabolic indices.
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The effects of 14-week betaine supplementation on endocrine markers, body composition and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Nobari, H, Kargarfard, M, Minasian, V, Cholewa, JM, Pérez-Gómez, J
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;(1):20
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Betaine supplementation may enhance body composition outcomes when supplemented chronically during an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation on development-related hormones, body composition, and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. METHODS Twenty-nine players (age, 15.45 ± 0.25 years) were matched based upon position and then randomly assigned to a betaine group (2 g/day; n = 14, BG) or placebo group (PG, n = 15). All subjects participated in team practices, conditioning, and games. If a subject did not participate in a game, a conditioning protocol was used to ensure workload was standardized throughout the 14-week season. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol, height, weight, and body composition were assessed at pre-season (P1), mid-season (P2) and post-season (P3). Anthropometric variables were also measured following a one-year follow-up (F). RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C). Both variables were greater in BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, however, the testosterone was less in the PG at P3 compared to P2. There was no significant group by time interactions for GH, IGF-1, lean body mass, or body fat. There was a significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction in height and weight at F, with the greater increases in BG compared to PG. CONCLUSION Betaine supplementation increased testosterone levels and T/C ratio in youth professional soccer players during a competitive season. Betaine supplementation had no negative effects on growth (height and weight) and may attenuate reductions in testosterone due to intense training during puberty.
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Effect of furosemide on body composition and urinary proteins that mediate tubular sodium and sodium transport-A randomized controlled trial.
Mose, FH, Oczachowska-Kulik, AE, Fenton, RA, Bech, JN
Physiological reports. 2021;(24):e14653
Abstract
BACKGROUND Furosemide inhibits the sodium potassium chloride cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and increases urinary water and sodium excretion. This study investigates the effect of furosemide on body composition estimated with multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) technique and urinary proteins from NKCC2. METHODS This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study where healthy subjects received either placebo or 40 mg furosemide on two separate occasions, where body composition with BIS, renal function, proteins from tubular proteins that mediate sodium and water transport, and plasma concentrations of vasoactive hormones were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS We observed an expected increased diuresis with a subsequent reduction in bodyweight of (-1.51 ± 0.36 kg, p < .001) and extracellular water (ECW; -1.14 ± 0.23 L, p < .001) after furosemide. We found a positive correlation between the decrease in ECW and a decrease in bodyweight and a negative correlation between the decrease in ECW and the increase in urinary output. Intracellular water (ICW) increased (0.47 ± 0.28 L, p < .001). Urinary excretion of NKCC2 increased after furosemide and the increase in NKCC2 correlated with an increase in urine output and a decrease in ECW. CONCLUSION We found BIS can detect acute changes in body water content but the method may be limited to estimation of ECW. BIS demonstrated that furosemide increases ICW which might be explained by an extracellular sodium loss. Finally, urinary proteins from NKCC2 increases after furosemide with a good correlation with diuresis end the decrease in ECW.
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Effects of calorie restricted low carbohydrate high fat ketogenic vs. non-ketogenic diet on strength, body-composition, hormonal and lipid profile in trained middle-aged men.
Vidić, V, Ilić, V, Toskić, L, Janković, N, Ugarković, D
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(4):1495-1502
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this paper was to investigate and compare the effects of two iso-energetic hypo-caloric ketogenic hyper-ketonemic and non-ketogenic low carbohydrate high fat high cholesterol diets on body-composition, muscle strength and hormonal profile in experienced resistance-trained middle-aged men. METHODS Twenty non-competitive experienced resistance-trained middle-aged men were on the supervised calorie maintenance western diet and resistance-training regimen for 4 weeks and then divided into ketogenic and non-ketogenic groups for 8 weeks period. Keto bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate) levels were measured weekly, testosterone and insulin biweekly, strength and body-composition monthly, lipid profile and blood sugar level at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS Both groups lost a similar amount of lean body mass and fat tissue (from F = 248.665, p < 0.001 to F = 21.943, p = 0.001), but preserved maximal upper and lower body strength (from F = 1.772, p = 0.238 to F = 0.595, p = 0.577). Basal testosterone and free testosterone increased (from F = 37.267, p = 0.001 to F = 16.261, p = 0.005) and insulin levels decreased significantly in both groups (F = 27.609, p = 0.001; F = 54.256, p < 0.001, respectively). No differences in lipid profile and blood sugar level were found (from F = 4.174, p = 0.058, to F = 0.065, p = 0.802). CONCLUSIONS Ketogenic diet with sustained hyper-ketonemia above 1 mol/l has the same impact as low carbohydrate non-ketogenic diet on muscle strength, body-composition, and hormonal and lipid profile in hypo-caloric dietary conditions in strength-trained middle-aged men.