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1.
Analysis of Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Insulin Resistance.
Szymczak-Pajor, I, Śliwińska, A
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
Recent evidence revealed extra skeleton activity of vitamin D, including prevention from cardiometabolic diseases and cancer development as well as anti-inflammatory properties. It is worth noting that vitamin D deficiency is very common and may be associated with the pathogenesis of insulin-resistance-related diseases, including obesity and diabetes. This review aims to provide molecular mechanisms showing how vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the insulin resistance formation. The PUBMED database and published reference lists were searched to find studies published between 1980 and 2019. It was identified that molecular action of vitamin D is involved in maintaining the normal resting levels of ROS and Ca2+, not only in pancreatic β-cells, but also in insulin responsive tissues. Both genomic and non-genomic action of vitamin D is directed towards insulin signaling. Thereby, vitamin D reduces the extent of pathologies associated with insulin resistance such as oxidative stress and inflammation. More recently, it was also shown that vitamin D prevents epigenetic alterations associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is one of the factors accelerating insulin resistance formation. The results of basic and clinical research support beneficial action of vitamin D in the reduction of insulin resistance and related pathologies.
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2.
The value and significance of 25(OH) and 1,25(OH) vitamin D serum levels in adult coeliac patients: A review of the literature.
Zingone, F, Ciacci, C
Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2018;(8):757-760
Abstract
Within the wide spectrum of symptoms and alteration of systems that characterizes CeD, several studies indicate a low-level of vitamin D, therefore recent guidelines suggest its evaluation at the time of diagnosis. This review examines the data from existing studies in which vitamin D has been assessed in CeD patients. Our review indicates that most of the studies on vitamin D in adult CeD report a 25 (OH) vitamin D deficiency at diagnosis that disappears when the patient goes on a gluten-free diet, independently of any supplementation. Instead, when the calcitriol, the active 1,25 (OH) vitamin D form, was evaluated, it resulted in the normal range at the time of CeD diagnosis. A strict and lifelong gluten-free diet can help recover vitamin D level without any supplementation.
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3.
Vitamin D-binding protein as it is understood in 2016: is it a critical key with which to help to solve the calcitriol conundrum?
Davey, RX
Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2017;(2):199-208
Abstract
Background The misnamed 'vitamin' D is actually the hormone calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyhydroxyvitamin D). It has a central regulatory role in calcium metabolism, and more widely in the immune system. The prohormone calcifediol (25 hydroxyvitamin D) is more easily measured in the laboratory and is the analyte used in reference interval formulation. Being highly lipid soluble, both calcifediol and calcitriol travel in the bloodstream on carriage proteins, principally on vitamin D-binding protein. Summary This review reports our current understanding of vitamin D-binding protein. Its genetic determinants and their effect on it and secondarily on calcifediol concentrations and assays are described. Its complex interplay with parathyroid hormone is considered. The analytical state of the art is translated into the challenge it imposes clinically, in the formulation of reference intervals and in their use in advising and managing patients. Several recent challenges thrown up to laboratories by percipient clinicians highlight the dilemma vitamin D-binding protein poses. A way forward is suggested.
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4.
Vitamin D in ankylosing spondylitis: review and meta-analysis.
Cai, G, Wang, L, Fan, D, Xin, L, Liu, L, Hu, Y, Ding, N, Xu, S, Xia, G, Jin, X, et al
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2015;:316-22
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of vitamin D in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is largely unknown. This paper aims to examine the association between serum vitamin D levels and susceptibility and disease activity of AS. METHODS We searched the relevant literatures in PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang (Chinese) Database published before June 2014. Eight independent case-control studies with a total of 533 AS patients and 478 matching controls were selected into this meta-analysis. Standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the levels of serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cases and controls, respectively. Correlation coefficients (CORs) have been performed to value the correlationship between vitamin D and disease activity (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)) of AS patients. RESULTS Meta-analysis results suggested that vitamin D may play a protective role in AS (for total vitamin D: SMD=-0.71, P<0.001; for 25OHD: SMD=-0.66, P=0.002; for 1,25OHD: SMD=-0.72, P=0.19). Differences in PTH and serum calcium levels were not significant in AS (SMD=-0.10, P=0.67; SMD=0.12, P=0.17 respectively), while ALP was associated with AS susceptibility (SMD=0.20, P=0.04). The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and disease activity was statistically significant except for 25OHD versus (vs.) CRP or BASDAI (for CRP vs. 25OHD: COR=-0.22, P=0.08; for BASDAI vs. 25OHD: COR=-0.20, P=0.06, respectively). CONCLUSION The higher levels of serum vitamin D were associated with a decreased risk of AS, and showed an inverse relationship with AS activity.
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5.
Solar ultraviolet radiation from cancer induction to cancer prevention: solar ultraviolet radiation and cell biology.
Tuorkey, MJ
European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP). 2015;(5):430-8
Abstract
Although decades have elapsed, researchers still debate the benefits and hazards of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. On the one hand, humans derive most of their serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3], which has potent anticancer activity, from solar UVB radiation. On the other hand, people are more aware of the risk of cancer incidence associated with harmful levels of solar UVR from daily sunlight exposure. Epidemiological data strongly implicate UV radiation exposure as a major cause of melanoma and other cancers, as UVR promotes mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. This review highlights the impact of the different mutagenic effects of solar UVR, along with the cellular and carcinogenic challenges with respect to sun exposure.
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6.
Association between 25(OH)D Level, Ultraviolet Exposure, Geographical Location, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Lu, C, Yang, J, Yu, W, Li, D, Xiang, Z, Lin, Y, Yu, C
PloS one. 2015;(7):e0132036
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on the vitamin D levels and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the relationship between IBD and 25(OH)D, sun exposure, and latitude, and to determine whether vitamin D deficiency affects the severity of IBD. METHODS We searched the PubMed, EBSCO, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to identify all studies that assessed the association between 25(OH)D, sun exposure, latitude, and IBD through November 1, 2014, without language restrictions. Studies that compared 25(OH)D levels between IBD patients and controls were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. We calculated pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS Thirteen case-control studies investigating CD and 25(OH)D levels were included, and eight studies part of above studies also investigated the relationship between UC and 25(OH)D. Both CD patients (SMD: 0.26 nmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09-0.42 nmol/L) and UC patients (SMD: 0.5 nmol/L, 95% CI: 0.15-0.85 nmol/L) had lower levels of 25(OH)D than controls. In addition, CD patients and UC patients were 1.95 times (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.48-2.57) and 2.02 times (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.13-3.60) more likely to be 25(OH)D deficient than controls. We also included 10 studies investigating the relationship between CD activity and vitamin D. Results showed that patients with active CD (CD Activity Index ≥ 150) were more likely to have low vitamin D levels. In addition, whether low sun exposure and high latitude were related to a high morbidity of CD need to be provided more evidence. CONCLUSION Our study shows that IBD patients have lower vitamin D levels. For active CD patients, vitamin D levels were low. These findings suggest that vitamin D may play an important role in the development of IBD, although a direct association could not be determined in our study.
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7.
The seasonality of slipped upper femoral epiphysis--meta-analysis: a possible association with vitamin D.
Farrier, AJ, Ihediwa, U, Khan, S, Kumar, A, Gulati, V, Uzoigwe, CE, Choudhury, MZ
Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy. 2015;(6):495-501
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of studies evaluating the seasonality of slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE). In addition we compared the monthly incidences of SUFE at latitudes greater than 40° with the established serum 25-hydroxyvitamin levels for children resident at a comparative latitude. In total 11 relevant studies were identified, involving 7451 cases of SUFE. There was significant variation in the month of onset of SUFE. The degree of variability increased with increasing latitude. The modal month of symptomatic onset was dependent upon latitude. At latitudes greater than 40°, the most common month of onset was August. At latitudes between 20° and 40°, this was earlier in the calendar year, around April. The seasonal variability was statistically significant (p<0.0001 and p<0.005 for latitudes >40° and 20°-40° respectively). The pattern of monthly fluctuation in onset of SUFE very closely mirrored the monthly pattern of variation for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. There was a very strong positive correlation (Spearman rank rho = + 0.8, p = 0.001). There is a monthly variation in incidence of SUFE. The degree of variability increases with increasing latitude. There may be an association with vitamin D. We hypothesise that elevated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 accelerates growth thus rendering the growth plate vulnerable to slippage in analogous manner to the pubertal growth spurt.
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8.
Calcidiol deficiency in end-stage organ failure and after solid organ transplantation: status quo.
Thiem, U, Olbramski, B, Borchhardt, K
Nutrients. 2013;(7):2352-71
Abstract
Among patients with organ failure, vitamin D deficiency is extremely common and frequently does not resolve after transplantation. This review crystallizes and summarizes existing data on the status quo of vitamin D deficiency in patients with organ failure and in solid organ transplant recipients. Interventional studies evaluating different treatment strategies, as well as current clinical practice guidelines and recommendations on the management of low vitamin D status in these patients are also discussed.
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9.
Time trend of UVB irradiation and the vitamin D concentration in German type 1 diabetes patients.
Langer, J, Penna-Martinez, M, Wallasch, M, Bon, D, Badenhoop, K
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2013;:218-20
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease which is characterised by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in human pancreas leading consequently to a hyperglycaemic metabolism. Recent studies have shown that low cholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) concentrations may contribute to the development of T1D. The 25(OH)D3 status depends mostly on human skin production influenced by exposure to UVB radiation. Our intention was to examine whether there was a change in UVB radiation in the past years and if this has an impact on patients' vitamin D status. METHODS We analysed the 25(OH)D3 concentration of blood samples from 287 T1D patients in the years 2004-2007 at the University Hospital Frankfurt. Moreover, daily UVB irradiation data of this time were received. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS We observe a strong correlation between UVB irradiation and the 25(OH)D3 concentration of German T1D patients (correlation coefficient=rho=0.56, p=7×10(-3)). Moreover, 25(OH)D3 blood levels obtained in summer (Apr-Oct) were significantly higher than in the winter season (p=8×10(-3)). In the years 2004-2007 there was a significant decline of UVB radiation in the summers (rho=-0.21, p<10(-6)) but no change was found in (rho=-0.07, p=0.12). This corresponds to a significant decrease of 25(OH)D3 levels in T1D patients over the summers (rho=-0.24, p=2×10(-3)) but not in winters (rho=-0.03, p=0.73). CONCLUSION Our results reveal a significant correlation of UVB irradiation and the vitamin D concentration of German T1D patients. A decrease of UVB irradiation over the summers 2004-2007 is accompanied by a decline of 25(OH)D3 levels observed in those summer months which may indicate a local time trend requiring further investigation into the environmental factors of vitamin D deficiency. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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10.
Optimal serum calcidiol concentration for cancer prevention.
Tuohimaa, P, Lou, YR
Anticancer research. 2012;(1):373-81
Abstract
UNLABELLED It has been demonstrated in several studies that serum calcidiol (25 OH vitamin D(3)) concentration is in a reversed and linear relationship with cancer risk. However, there are also studies showing no such association and some even suggest the opposite. The risk of pancreatic and oesophageal cancer seems to increase, when serum calcidiol concentration increases. A bias in these studies might be that their basic assumption is linear dependence of cancer on serum calcidiol concentration. Some studies suggest a U-shaped association between the disease and the serum calcidiol concentration. Evidence, in the literature, of the relationship between serum calcidiol concentration and disease is reviewed and an optimal level of 40-80 nmol/L (16-32 ng/ml) is suggested. Serum calcidiol seems to be a better predictor of cancer development than calcitriol (1α, 25 (OH)(2) vitamin D(3)). A calcidiol insufficiency, as well as an insufficient solar exposure, is associated with an increased risk of several solid carcinomas. In a recent study, our group demonstrated that calcidiol is an active hormone in CYP24 (24-hydroxylase) deficient cells. In these cells, calcidiol and calcitriol act synergistically, therefore fluctuations of the serum calcidiol concentration may define the hormonal activity and cancer development. CONCLUSION Serum calcidiol concentration and the risk of many common diseases and aging phenomena seem to show a U-shaped association suggesting a lower and upper limit for healthy serum calcidiol concentration. An imbalance of hormonal calcidiol rather than that of calcitriol is a risk factor in carcinomas and chronic diseases, which might be prevented by an optimal serum calcidiol concentration. Multiple daily dosing of cholecalcipherol or skin patches could best provide an optimal dosing and stable serum concentration. Alternatively, narrow-band UV-B lamps are a possible optimal solution, when given by trained personnel.