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A longitudinal study of pre-pregnancy antioxidant levels and subsequent perinatal outcomes in black and white women: The CARDIA Study.
Harville, EW, Lewis, CE, Catov, JM, Jacobs, DR, Gross, MD, Gunderson, EP
PloS one. 2020;(2):e0229002
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although protective associations between dietary antioxidants and pregnancy outcomes have been reported, randomized controlled trials of supplementation have been almost uniformly negative. A possible explanation is that supplementation during pregnancy may be too late to have a beneficial effect. Therefore, we examined the relationship between antioxidant levels prior to pregnancy and birth outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS Serum carotenoids and tocopherols were assayed in fasting specimens at 1985-86 (baseline) and 1992-1993 (year 7) from 1,215 participants in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. An interviewer-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire assessed dietary intake of antioxidants. Pregnancy outcome was self-reported at exams every 2 to 5 years. Linear and logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships of low birthweight (LBW; <2,500 g), continuous infant birthweight, preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks) and length of gestation with antioxidant levels adjusted for confounders, as well as interactions with age and race. RESULTS In adjusted models, lycopene was associated with higher odds of LBW (adjusted odds ratio for top quartile, 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.14, 3.92) and shorter gestational age (adjusted beta coefficient -0.50 weeks). Dietary intake of antioxidants was associated with lower birthweight, while supplement use of vitamin C was associated with higher gestational age (0.41 weeks, 0.01, 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Higher preconception antioxidant levels are not associated with better birth outcomes.
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Tomato Phytonutrients Balance UV Response: Results from a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Groten, K, Marini, A, Grether-Beck, S, Jaenicke, T, Ibbotson, SH, Moseley, H, Ferguson, J, Krutmann, J
Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2019;(2):101-108
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study indicated that a nutritional supplement named lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex (TNC) can protect from UVA1-induced (340-400 nm) and UVA- (320-400 nm)/UVB-induced (280-320 nm) upregulation of molecular markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing. OBJECTIVES in the current double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study, we analyze whether a similar, synergistic carotenoid-rich TNC can protect from broadband UVB-induced threshold erythema formation assessed as increase in minimal erythemal dose (MED) reading, the intensity of erythema formation, and the upregulation of molecular markers associated with inflammation and immunosuppression, and whether this correlates with carotenoid blood levels. METHODS One hundred and forty-nine healthy volunteers were randomized to two groups and subjected to a 5-week washout phase, followed by a 12-week treatment phase receiving either 15 mg lycopene, 5.8 mg phytoene and phytofluene, 0.8 mg β-carotene, 5.6 mg tocopherols from tomato extract, and 4 mg carnosic acid from rosemary extract per day or placebo made from medium-chain triglycerides. At the end of each phase, MED determination, UVB irradiation, chromametry, biopsies, and blood samples were undertaken. RESULTS The active supplement was well tolerated. Interestingly, no significant difference was seen in the MED between the active-supplement and placebo groups, as determined by visual grading by expert assessors. Of note, the carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation measured as Δa* after the intervention minus Δa* after the washout phase as compared to the placebo. Moreover, intake of the active supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced upregulation of IL6 and TNFα as compared with the intake of placebo. Lastly, carotenoid plasma levels were significantly increased. CONCLUSION This well-tolerated carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers.
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Association between selenium and lycopene supplementation and incidence of prostate cancer: Results from the post-hoc analysis of the procomb trial.
Morgia, G, Voce, S, Palmieri, F, Gentile, M, Iapicca, G, Giannantoni, A, Blefari, F, Carini, M, Vespasiani, G, Santelli, G, et al
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2017;:1-5
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many potential chemopreventive agents have been used in PCa prevention, including selenium (Se) and lycopene (Ly). However, their role has been matter of debate over the years, due to potential of promotion of PCa. PURPOSE In this study we aimed at evaluating the incidence risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in a cohort of patients treated with Se and Ly. METHODS The Procomb trial design has been previously published (ISRCTN78639965). From April 2012 to April 2014 209 patients were followed and underwent prostate biopsy when PSA ≥4 ng/ml and/or suspicion of PCa. The all cohort was composed by patients treated with Se and Ly (Group A = 134 patients) and control (Group B = 75 patients). RESULTS During the follow-up time of 2 years, a total of 24 patients (11.5%) underwent prostate biopsy, of which 9 (4.3%) where diagnosed with PCa and 15 (7.2%) where diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia. We did not observe statistical differences in terms of mean changes of PSA between the two groups (p-value for trend = 0.33). The relative risk (RR) for PCa was 1.07 and 0.89 in group A and B, respectively (p = 0.95). At the multivariate Cox regression analysis supplementation with Se and Ly was not associated with greater risk of PCa (hazard ratio: 1.38; p = 0.67). CONCLUSION In this analysis we did not show evidences supporting a detrimental role of Selenium and Lycopene supplementation in increasing PCa after 2 years of therapy, nor supporting a protective role.
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Serum Retinol and Carotenoid Concentrations and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
Nash, SH, Till, C, Song, X, Lucia, MS, Parnes, HL, Thompson, IM, Lippman, SM, Platz, EA, Schenk, J
Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2015;(10):1507-15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from epidemiologic studies examining associations of serum retinol and carotenoids with prostate cancer risk have been inconsistent. This case-control study nested in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial evaluated associations of serum retinol and carotenoids with total, low-, and high-grade prostate cancer risk in a highly screened study population. METHODS We used logistic regression adjusting for age, family history of prostate cancer, race, body mass index, and serum cholesterol to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prostate cancer by quartiles of serum retinol and carotenoids, separately in the placebo (975 cases/1,009 frequency-matched controls) and finasteride (708 cases/743 frequency-matched controls) arms of the trial. RESULTS Serum retinol concentrations were associated with increased risk of total prostate cancer [OR (95% CI) comparing the highest quartile of serum retinol with the lowest: 1.30 (1.00-1.68)] and high-grade prostate cancer [OR (95% CI), 1.74 (1.14-2.68)] in the placebo arm of the trial only. Also in the placebo arm, there was a moderate positive association of α-carotene with risk of total prostate cancer [OR (95% CI), 1.32 (1.01-1.73)]. None of the other carotenoids was associated with prostate cancer risk in the placebo arm. No associations were observed for retinol and carotenoids in the finasteride arm. CONCLUSION In the placebo arm of this prospective study, high serum retinol and α-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk of total and high-grade prostate cancers. IMPACT Men with higher levels of serum retinol and α-carotene may be at increased risk for prostate cancer.
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Effects of Serenoa repens, selenium and lycopene (Profluss®) on chronic inflammation associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of "FLOG" (Flogosis and Profluss in Prostatic and Genital Disease), a multicentre Italian study.
Morgia, G, Cimino, S, Favilla, V, Russo, GI, Squadrito, F, Mucciardi, G, Masieri, L, Minutoli, L, Grosso, G, Castelli, T
International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. 2013;(2):214-21
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of Profluss® on prostatic chronic inflammation (PCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively enrolled 168 subjects affected by LUTS due to bladder outlet obstruction submitted to 12 cores prostatic biopsy for suspected prostate cancer + 2 cores collected for PCI valuation. First group consisted of 108 subjects, with histological diagnosis of PCI associated with BPH and high grade PIN and/or ASAP, randomly assigned to 1:1 ratio to daily Profluss® (group I) for 6 months or to control group (group Ic). Second group consisted of 60 subjects, with histological diagnosis of BPH, randomly assigned to 1:1 ratio to daily Profluss® + a-blockers treatment (group II) for 3 months or to control group (group IIc). After 6 months first group underwent 24 cores prostatic re-biopsy + 2 cores for PCI while after 3 months second group underwent two-cores prostatic for PCI. Specimens were evaluated for changes in inflammation parameters and for density of T-cells (CD3, CD8), B-cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD68). RESULTS At follow-up there were statistical significant reductions of extension and grading of flogosis, mean values of CD20, CD3, CD68 and mean PSA value in group I compared to Ic, while extension and grading of flogosis in group II were inferior to IIc but not statistical significant. A statistically significant reduction in the density of CD20, CD3, CD68, CD8 was demonstrated in group II in respect to control IIc. CONCLUSIONS Serenoa repens+Selenium+Lycopene may have an anti-inflammatory activity that could be of interest in the treatment of PCI in BPH and/or PIN/ASAP patients.
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Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study.
Piermarocchi, S, Saviano, S, Parisi, V, Tedeschi, M, Panozzo, G, Scarpa, G, Boschi, G, Lo Giudice, G, ,
European journal of ophthalmology. 2012;(2):216-25
Abstract
PURPOSE The high concentration of carotenoids in the macula, plus evidence linking oxidative stress to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and carotenoids to antioxidation, generated the hypothesis that higher antioxidant intakes can prevent AMD. The aim of this study was to determine whether nutritional supplementation with a targeted nutritional supplement improves visual acuity and visual function in AMD. METHODS In this multicenter, prospective open-label randomized study, 145 patients were randomly assigned to 2 different treatment groups. Interventions were lutein (10 mg), zeaxanthin (1 mg), astaxanthin (4 mg; AZYR SIFI, Catania, Italy), and antioxidants/vitamins supplementation formula or no dietary supplementation for 2 years. Primary outcome was mean changes in visual acuity (VA) at 12 and 24 months. Other measures included contrast sensitivity (CS) and National Eye Institute visual function questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) scores at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS Patients in the treated group showed stabilization of VA with significantly (p=0.003) better VA scores (81.4 ± 7.2) compared to the nontreated group (76.8 ± 8.9) at 24-month follow-up. An improvement in CS (p=0.001) and final mean NEI VFQ-25 composite scores at 12 and 24 months higher in treated group compared to nontreated group were also shown (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with lutein/zeaxanthin and astaxanthin together with other nutrients were more likely to report clinically meaningful stabilization/improvements in VA, CS, and visual function through 24 months compared with nontreated subjects. Further studies are needed with more patients and for longer periods of time.
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Components of variation in serum carotenoid concentrations: the Polyp Prevention Trial.
Forman, MR, Borkowf, CB, Cantwell, MM, Steck, S, Schatzkin, A, Albert, PS, Lanza, E
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2009;(6):763-70
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OBJECTIVES The intra- and interindividual variations and season and center effects were estimated from a series of serum carotenoid concentrations in the Polyp Prevention Trial (PPT) participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fasting blood was collected annually for 4 years in all 1905 participants, and a subcohort of 901 participants were selected within each (of eight) center(s), by gender and dietary arm of the study, for measurement of five major carotenoid peaks. Using variance of component methods, the variation in serum carotenoid concentrations about the underlying mean was partitioned into explanatory components attributed to various sources. RESULTS The contributions of the inter- and intraindividual variances to the overall variation in carotenoid concentrations were in the range of 61-70 and 20-35%, respectively, whereas center and center-by-season effects provided 2.6-9.5 and 0.2-1.4%, respectively. The highest percent (35%) of intraindividual variation was exhibited by lycopene, and the highest percent (70% apiece) of interindividual variation was exhibited by lutein/zeaxanthin and beta-carotene. Serum lycopene had the highest ratio of intra- to interindividual variation of 0.57, whereas lutein had the lowest ratio of 0.29. We estimate that the ratio of intra- to interindividual variance around the mean carotenoid concentration can be reduced greatly by collecting 3-4 compared to 1 blood measurement in large-scale trials like the PPT. CONCLUSION In the largest study of components of variation in individuals at high risk for colorectal cancer, the largest contributors to variation in serum carotenoid concentrations were intra- and interindividual effects followed by center and center-by-season effects.
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Dietary modification in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance: a randomized, multicentre feasibility study.
Parsons, JK, Newman, VA, Mohler, JL, Pierce, JP, Flatt, S, Marshall, J
BJU international. 2008;(10):1227-31
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of implementing a diet-based intervention in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance, as changes in diet might potentially inhibit the progression of prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS As part of the Men's Eating and Living (MEAL) Study (a multicentre pilot trial of a diet-based intervention for prostate cancer) 43 men aged 50-80 years with prostate cancer and on active surveillance were randomized to receive either telephone-based dietary counselling or standardized, written nutritional information. Telephone counselling targets included increased intakes of vegetables (particularly cruciferous vegetables and tomato products), whole grains, and beans/legumes. Dietary intakes and plasma carotenoid levels were assessed at baseline and at after 6 months. RESULTS In the intervention arm the mean daily intakes of total vegetables, crucifers and tomato products increased by 71%, 180% and 265%, respectively (P < 0.05); in the control arm there were no significant changes in mean intakes of these components. Similarly, in the intervention arm, mean plasma levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene and total carotenoids increased by 37%, 32%, 23%, 30% and 25%, respectively (P < 0.05); in the control arm there were no significant changes in plasma levels of these components. There were no significant changes in either group in whole grain, beans/legumes, or fat intake. CONCLUSIONS Telephone-based dietary counselling increases vegetable intake and plasma concentrations of potentially anticarcinogenic carotenoids in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance. These data support the feasibility of implementing clinical trials of diet-based interventions in this population.
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Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in men.
Sesso, HD, Buring, JE, Norkus, EP, Gaziano, JM
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;(5):990-7
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BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests a possible role of lycopene in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE We examined whether plasma lycopene concentrations in the Physicians' Health Study were associated with CVD in a prospective, nested, case-control design. DESIGN Baseline blood samples were collected starting in 1996. During a mean follow-up of 2.1 y, we identified 499 cases of CVD (confirmed myocardial infarction, stroke, CVD death, or revascularization procedures) and an equal number of men free of CVD and matched for age (x: 69.7 y), follow-up time, and smoking status. We collected self-reported coronary disease risk factors and measured plasma carotenoids, retinol, lipids, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS In matched analyses with additional adjustment for plasma total cholesterol and randomized treatment, the relative risks (RRs) of CVD for men in the lowest to highest quartiles of plasma lycopene were 1.00 (reference), 0.92, 1.04, and 0.95 (P for linear trend = 0.93). With multivariate adjustment, the RRs of total CVD were 1.00 (reference), 1.08, 0.94, and 1.03 (P for linear trend = 0.98). For important vascular events (241 cases), excluding revascularization procedures, the multivariate RRs remained nonsignificant (P for linear trend = 0.50). Adding plasma carotenoids, lipids, or C-reactive protein to multivariate models had a minimal effect on the RRs of total CVD for plasma lycopene. Compared with lycopene, higher concentrations of plasma lutein/zeaxanthin and retinol suggested a moderate increase in CVD risk, whereas no association was found for beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma lycopene concentrations were not associated with the risk of CVD in this study of older men. Further evaluation in diverse populations is necessary.
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Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with gamma-glutamyltransferase: the Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.
Lee, DH, Gross, MD, Jacobs, DR, ,
Clinical chemistry. 2004;(3):582-8
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies suggest that serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity may be related to oxidative stress, supporting findings of experimental studies. To further examine the role of GGT in relation to oxidative stress, we investigated the association between serum carotenoids and tocopherols, which have antioxidant properties, and serum GGT. METHODS Study participants were 3128 black and white men and women 17-35 years of age in 1985-1986. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols were measured at years 0 and 7, and serum GGT was measured at years 0 and 10. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin inversely predicted the serum GGT concentration measured 10 years later in a dose-response manner (P for trend <0.01). Year 0 zeaxanthin/lutein was weakly inversely associated with year 10 GGT (P for trend = 0.08), and year 0 lycopene was unrelated to year 10 GGT. Adjusted geometric means of serum GGT at year 10 according to quintile of the sum of four carotenoids at year 0 (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin/lutein) were 19.9, 19.4, 18.9, 17.8, and 17.3 U/L (P for trend <0.01). Year 0 alpha-tocopherol was also a significant inverse predictor of year 10 serum GGT concentration (P for trend = 0.03), whereas gamma-tocopherol showed an inconsistent or possibly U-shaped association. However, year 0 serum GGT did not predict serum antioxidants measured 7 years later. CONCLUSION Our present findings support the contention that serum GGT concentration is a marker related with oxidative stress.