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1.
Pharmacologic Prophylaxis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy.
Toso, A, Leoncini, M, Maioli, M, Bellandi, F
Interventional cardiology clinics. 2020;(3):369-383
Abstract
Different pharmacologic agents have been tested in the effort to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in the last two decades. To date, however, no individual drug has received unanimous approval for this aim. Since 2014 statins have been included as preventive treatment in the European guidelines for revascularization procedures in cardiac patients. The present update presents the latest findings in this field focusing on the changing paradigms in the definition and consequently the approach to nephroprotection that considers clinical prognosis as the major issue. We note the current shift from attention to contrast-induced AKI to contrast-associated AKI.
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2.
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury-Definitions, Epidemiology, and Implications.
Azzalini, L, Kalra, S
Interventional cardiology clinics. 2020;(3):299-309
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the acute onset of renal injury following exposure to iodinated contrast media. Several definitions have been used, which complicates the estimation of the epidemiological relevance of this condition and comparisons in outcome research. The incidence of CI-AKI increases as a function of patient and procedure complexity in coronary, endovascular, and structural interventions. CI-AKI is associated with a high burden of short- and long-term adverse events, and leads to increased healthcare costs. This review will provide an overview of the definitions, epidemiology, and implications of CI-AKI in patients undergoing coronary, endovascular, and structural catheter-based procedures.
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3.
Utility of Iodine Density Perfusion Maps From Dual-Energy Spectral Detector CT in Evaluating Cardiothoracic Conditions: A Primer for the Radiologist.
Kikano, EG, Rajdev, M, Salem, KZ, Laukamp, K, Felice, CD, Gilkeson, RC, Gupta, A
AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2020;(4):775-785
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to outline the utility of iodine density maps for evaluating cardiothoracic disease and abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that the variety of images generated from dual-energy spectral detector CT (SDCT) improve identification of cardiothoracic conditions. CONCLUSION. Understanding the technique of SDCT and being familiar with the features of different cardiothoracic conditions on iodine density map images help the radiologist make a better diagnosis.
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4.
MnDPDP: Contrast Agent for Imaging and Protection of Viable Tissue.
Jynge, P, Skjold, AM, Falkmer, U, Andersson, RGG, Seland, JG, Bruvold, M, Blomlie, V, Eidsaunet, W, Karlsson, JOG
Contrast media & molecular imaging. 2020;:3262835
Abstract
The semistable chelate manganese (Mn) dipyridoxyl diphosphate (MnDPDP, mangafodipir), previously used as an intravenous (i.v.) contrast agent (Teslascan™, GE Healthcare) for Mn-ion-enhanced MRI (MEMRI), should be reappraised for clinical use but now as a diagnostic drug with cytoprotective properties. Approved for imaging of the liver and pancreas, MnDPDP enhances contrast also in other targets such as the heart, kidney, glandular tissue, and potentially retina and brain. Transmetallation releases paramagnetic Mn2+ for cellular uptake in competition with calcium (Ca2+), and intracellular (IC) macromolecular Mn2+ adducts lower myocardial T 1 to midway between native values and values obtained with gadolinium (Gd3+). What is essential is that T 1 mapping and, to a lesser degree, T 1 weighted imaging enable quantification of viability at a cellular or even molecular level. IC Mn2+ retention for hours provides delayed imaging as another advantage. Examples in humans include quantitative imaging of cardiomyocyte remodeling and of Ca2+ channel activity, capabilities beyond the scope of Gd3+ based or native MRI. In addition, MnDPDP and the metabolite Mn dipyridoxyl diethyl-diamine (MnPLED) act as catalytic antioxidants enabling prevention and treatment of oxidative stress caused by tissue injury and inflammation. Tested applications in humans include protection of normal cells during chemotherapy of cancer and, potentially, of ischemic tissues during reperfusion. Theragnostic use combining therapy with delayed imaging remains to be explored. This review updates MnDPDP and its clinical potential with emphasis on the working mode of an exquisite chelate in the diagnosis of heart disease and in the treatment of oxidative stress.
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5.
Advances in the pathogenesis and prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy.
Zhang, F, Lu, Z, Wang, F
Life sciences. 2020;:118379
Abstract
With the increasing application of medical imaging contrast materials, contrast-induced nephropathy has become one of the leading causes of iatrogenic renal insufficiency. The underlying mechanism is associated with renal medullary hypoxia, direct toxicity of contrast agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune/inflammation and epigenetic regulation in contrast-induced nephropathy. Up to date, there is no effective therapy for contrast-induced nephropathy, and thus risk predication and effective preventive strategies are keys to reduce the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy. It was found that the proper use of contrast medium, personalized hydration, and high-dose statins may reduce the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy, while antioxidants have not shown significant therapeutic benefits. Additionally, the role of remote ischemia preconditioning and vasodilators in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy needs further study. This review aims to discuss the incidence, pathogenesis, risk prediction, and preventive strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy.
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6.
Preventing a nonexistent entity: the curious case of contrast and acute kidney injury.
Hiremath, S, Velez, JCQ
Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2020;(1):152-160
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, doubt has been cast on the existence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. The skepticism has stemmed from observational studies from large administrative healthcare databases. Although they correctly call that contrast-induced acute kidney injury is less common than previously thought, they cannot completely exclude selection bias. RECENT FINDINGS Though less common than previously thought, contrast-induced acute kidney injury still exists. The only prophylactic method that remains valid is that of isotonic volume expansion, which is still deemed beneficial in high-risk patients. N-acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate are ineffective and their use should be abandoned. SUMMARY Contrast-induced kidney injury should be defined based on clinical grounds, not merely on biochemical numbers. More research to validate a clinical definition is necessary in order to accurately re-examine its incidence.
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7.
Gadolinium-based contrast agents - what is the evidence for 'gadolinium deposition disease' and the use of chelation therapy?
Layne, KA, Wood, DM, Dargan, PI
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2020;(3):151-160
Abstract
Introduction: Gadolinium-based contrast agents are widely used for magnetic resonance imaging and, until recently, had been generally considered to have an excellent safety profile in patients with normal renal function. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a well-established disease process involving fibrosis of the skin and internal organs seen in some patients with severely impaired renal function following exposure to these agents. Following reports that individuals with normal renal function may experience gadolinium deposition within brain and bone tissue, the term "gadolinium deposition disease" has been proposed and the use of chelating agents has been recommended to treat this "disease".Objectives: This review will address the clinical evidence for "gadolinium deposition disease" and discuss whether chelation therapy is appropriate for individuals who believe they have this condition.Methods: Electronic databases (PUBMED, Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE) were searched up to 1st October 2019 for all studies evaluating clinical signs or symptoms related to potential gadolinium toxicity post-gadolinium-based contrast agent exposure in subjects with normal renal function, or papers evaluating the potential chelation of gadolinium in humans.Does "gadolinium deposition disease" exist as a novel condition? We identified four clinical studies relating to "gadolinium deposition disease", including one that included some discussion of the use of chelation therapy. Two of the clinical studies presented data from anonymous online surveys that recruited participants from support forums for people who self-identified as having gadolinium-based contrast agent-induced toxicity, with questions focussing on their reported symptoms and signs. The published literature to date has demonstrated that gadolinium deposition within the brain primarily occurs within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus. These patients did not complain of movement disorders, but instead reported generalised sensory symptoms, which would not be expected to occur with pathology in these areas of the brain. There was considerable selection bias and a lack of available clinical information to exclude alternative medical diagnoses for these series, thus rendering the results difficult to interpret.Role of chelation therapy in patients exposed to gadolinium-based contrast agent: One study reported data from 25 patients who were diagnosed with "gadolinium deposition disease" according to unspecified criteria and were treated with intravenous calcium or zinc trisodium pentetate. The authors reported an increase in urine gadolinium concentrations following administration of the chelating agents, which they attributed to re-chelation of gadolinium from tissue deposits, however, there are insufficient data to be able to substantiate this.Conclusion: There is currently no published information from well-designed clinical studies that support a link between gadolinium deposition and the development of clinical sequelae in patients with normal renal function. Clinicians should exercise caution when considering whether or not gadolinium is of relevance in patients reporting symptoms after administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents. The inappropriate use of chelation therapy in patients with no clear evidence-based indication for their use potentially increases the risk of clinically significant harm to these patients from the adverse effects of chelation. Further research and well-designed clinical and epidemiological surveillance is needed to determine whether there are toxicological risks related to gadolinium exposure from the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with normal renal function.
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8.
Acute kidney injury from contrast-enhanced CT procedures in patients with cancer: white paper to highlight its clinical relevance and discuss applicable preventive strategies.
Cosmai, L, Porta, C, Privitera, C, Gesualdo, L, Procopio, G, Gori, S, Laghi, A
ESMO open. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Patients with cancer are subjected to several imaging examinations which frequently require the administration of contrast medium (CM). However, it has been estimated that acute kidney injury (AKI) due to the injection of iodinated CM accounts for 11% of all cases of AKI, and it is reported in up to 2% of all CT examinations. Remarkably, the risks of developing AKI are increased in the elderly, in patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, and with dehydration or administration of nephrotoxic chemotherapeutics. Given the common occurrence of postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) in clinical practice, primary care physicians and all specialists involved in managing patients with cancer should be aware of the strategies to reduce the risk of this event. In 2018, a panel of four experts from the specialties of radiology, oncology and nephrology were speakers at the annual meeting of the Italian Society of Medical Radiology (Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica e Interventistica), with the aim of commenting on existing evidence and providing their experience on the incidence and management of PC-AKI in patients with cancer. The discussion represented the basis for this white paper, which is intended to be a practical guide organised by statements describing methods to reduce renal injury risks related to CM-enhanced CT examinations in patients with cancer.
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9.
Implications of Kidney Disease in the Cardiac Patient.
Nicolas, J, Claessen, B, Mehran, R
Interventional cardiology clinics. 2020;(3):265-278
Abstract
Cardiovascular and renal diseases share common pathophysiological grounds, risk factors, and therapies. The 2 entities are closely interlinked and often coexist. The prevalence of kidney disease among cardiac patients is increasing. Patients have an atypical clinical presentation and variable disease manifestation versus the general population. Renal impairment limits therapeutic options and worsens prognosis. Meticulous treatment and close monitoring are required to ensure safety and avoid deterioration of kidney and heart functions. This review highlights recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac pathologies, including coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure, in patients with decreased renal function.
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10.
Microbubble Formulations: Synthesis, Stability, Modeling and Biomedical Applications.
Upadhyay, A, Dalvi, SV
Ultrasound in medicine & biology. 2019;(2):301-343
Abstract
Microbubbles are increasingly being used in biomedical applications such as ultrasonic imaging and targeted drug delivery. Microbubbles typically range from 0.1 to 10 µm in size and consist of a protective shell made of lipids or proteins. The shell encapsulates a gaseous core containing gases such as oxygen, sulfur hexafluoride or perfluorocarbons. This review is a consolidated account of information available in the literature on research related to microbubbles. Efforts have been made to present an overview of microbubble synthesis techniques; microbubble stability; microbubbles as contrast agents in ultrasonic imaging and drug delivery vehicles; and side effects related to microbubble administration in humans. Developments related to the modeling of microbubble dissolution and stability are also discussed.