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1.
The Dietary Management of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Existing and Emerging Evidence.
Algera, J, Colomier, E, Simrén, M
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
Even though irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been known for more than 150 years, it still remains one of the research challenges of the 21st century. According to the current diagnostic Rome IV criteria, IBS is characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation and/or a change in bowel habit, in the absence of detectable organic causes. Symptoms interfere with the daily life of patients, reduce health-related quality of life and lower the work productivity. Despite the high prevalence of approximately 10%, its pathophysiology is only partly understood and seems multifactorial. However, many patients report symptoms to be meal-related and certain ingested foods may generate an exaggerated gastrointestinal response. Patients tend to avoid and even exclude certain food products to relieve their symptoms, which could affect nutritional quality. We performed a narrative paper review of the existing and emerging evidence regarding dietary management of IBS patients, with the aim to enhance our understanding of how to move towards an individualized dietary approach for IBS patients in the near future.
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2.
Special Commentary: Is diet management helpful in familial hypercholesterolemia?
Gidding, SS
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2019;(2):135-140
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic condition where low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor defects cause severe elevations of LDL cholesterol. As significant LDL-lowering effects are needed, medication is considered the cornerstone of therapy, and dietary therapy has received less emphasis. This review will re-visit older studies of diet intervention and new insights from genetic and mechanistic studies to determine the value of diet management for familial hypercholesterolemia patients. RECENT FINDINGS Saturated fat reduction improves cardiovascular outcomes, particularly in those with genetic predisposition to risk. Secular trends in saturated fat intake may have improved familial hypercholesterolemia outcomes. Dietary mechanisms of LDL cholesterol-lowering complement pharmacologic approaches. SUMMARY Diet treatment adds incremental health benefit to pharmacologic treatment in familial hypercholesterolemia.
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3.
High soy isoflavone or soy-based food intake during infancy and in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis.
Qin, H, Lin, Z, Vásquez, E, Luan, X, Guo, F, Xu, L
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2019;:30-42
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the association of soy isoflavones or soy-based food intake with the risk of uterine fibroids (UF), but the results are inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively assess whether high soy isoflavones intake is associated with an increased risk of UF. PUBMED and EMBASE databases were reviewed to screen for relevant published studies up to December 2018. Using key words of uterine fibroid and isoflavone, we identified 4 studies focusing on infancy intake and 7 studies evaluating intake during adulthood. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using a random-effect model. In addition, subgroup analyses and 2-stage random-effect dose-response were also performed. When comparing high vs low intake of soy isoflavones, we found that there were positive associations of UF among patients being fed soy formula during infancy (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.99-1.43; P = .06) and with high consumption of soy-based foods in adulthood (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.09-5.74; P = .03), respectively. Additionally, dose-response analysis showed the pooled ORs (95% CIs) of UF risk for low, moderate, and high intake of soy isoflavones were 1.00 (0.87-1.14), 1.08 (0.94-1.24), and 1.23 (0.99-1.53) when compared to occasional intake, respectively. Our findings suggest that high soy isoflavones or soy-based food intake during infancy and in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women. There is a need for large-scale prospective cohort studies using more accurate measurements of soy isoflavones to further ascertain our study findings.
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4.
Interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and the implications for the long-term health of the offspring.
Rees, WD
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2019;(1):88-96
Abstract
Nutritional science has traditionally used the reductionist approach to understand the roles of individual nutrients in growth and development. The macronutrient dense but micronutrient poor diets consumed by many in the Western world may not result in an overt deficiency; however, there may be situations where multiple mild deficiencies combine with excess energy to alter cellular metabolism. These interactions are especially important in pregnancy as changes in early development modify the risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. Nutrient interactions affect all stages of fetal development, influencing endocrine programming, organ development and the epigenetic programming of gene expression. The rapidly developing field of stem cell metabolism reveals new links between cellular metabolism and differentiation. This review will consider the interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and their influence on fetal development, with particular reference to energy metabolism, amino acids and the vitamins in the B group.
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5.
Dietary sugars, metabolic effects and child health.
Rupérez, AI, Mesana, MI, Moreno, LA
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2019;(3):206-216
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe current findings on sugar intake in children worldwide, including sugar sources and their impact on child health focusing on cardiometabolic alterations usually associated to obesity. RECENT FINDINGS In children less than 4 years, intakes of added sugars across countries ranged from 9.8 to 11.2% of total energy; in children 4-10 years, it ranged from less than 3-18%; and in adolescents, it ranged from 13.6 to 16.6%. For most countries, intakes of added sugars were greater than the recommended upper limit of 10% of total energy for children and adolescents and less or around 10% in infants. In most studies, soft drinks and fruit-based drinks accounted for the greatest proportion of the added sugars intake, followed by milk products and sweet bakery products. High added sugar intake has been associated with increased obesity risk and fat deposition in the liver, contributing to dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and cardio-metabolic risk. SUMMARY As a high added sugar intake is associated with cardio-metabolic conditions in children and adolescents, the current scenario supports the need for stronger targeted long-term policies that prevent the excessive sugar intake in young populations.
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6.
Nutrients in Alzheimer's Disease: The Interaction of Diet, Drugs and Disease.
Liyanage, SI, Vilekar, P, Weaver, DF
The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. 2019;(1):23-34
Abstract
In recent decades, clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed at an unprecedented rate. The etiology of AD has since come under renewed scrutiny, both to elucidate the underlying pathologies and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here, diet has emerged as a potential causative/protective agent. A variety of nutrients, including lipids, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and sugars as well as broader dietary patterns and microbiotal interactions have demonstrated associations with AD. Although clinical trials have yet to definitively implicate any singular dietary element as therapeutic or causative, it is apparent that dietary preferences, likely in complex synergies, may influence the risk, onset and course of AD. This review catalogs the impact of major dietary elements on AD. It further examines an unexplored reciprocal association where AD may modulate diet, as well as how potential therapeutics may complicate these interactions. In doing so, we observe diet may have profound effects on the outcome of a clinical trial, either as a confounder of a drug/disease interaction or as a generally disruptive covariate. We therefore conclude that future clinical trials in AD should endeavor to control for diet, either in study design or subsequent analyses.
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7.
Impact of Different Types of Diet on Gut Microbiota Profiles and Cancer Prevention and Treatment.
Klement, RJ, Pazienza, V
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2019;(4)
Abstract
: Diet is frequently considered as a food regimen focused on weight loss, while it is actually the sum of food consumed by the organism. Western diets, modern lifestyle, sedentary behaviors, smoking habits, and drug consumption have led to a significant reduction of gut microbial diversity, which is linked to many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The latter kill 40 million people each year, equivalent to more than 70% of all deaths globally. Among NCDs, tumors play a major role, being responsible for 29% of deaths from NCDs. A link between diet, microbiota, and cancer prevention and treatment has recently been unveiled, underlining the importance of a new food culture based on limiting dietary surplus and on preferring healthier foods. Here, we review the effects of some of the most popular "cancer-specific" diets on microbiota composition and their potential impact on cancer prevention and treatment.
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8.
Influence of Early Life, Diet, and the Environment on the Microbiome.
Dong, TS, Gupta, A
Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2019;(2):231-242
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Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology and bioinformatics have greatly enhanced our ability to understand the human microbiome. Over the last decade, a growing body of literature has linked nutrition and the environment to the microbiome and is now thought to be an important contributor to overall health. This paper reviews the literature from the past 10 years to highlight the influence of environmental factors such as diet, early life adversity and stress in shaping and modifying our microbiome towards health and disease. The review shows that many factors such as the mode of delivery, breast milk, stress, diet and medications can greatly influence the development of our gut microbiome and potentially make us more prone to certain diseases. By incorporating environmental factors into models that study the microbiome in the setting of health and disease, may provide a better understanding of disease and potentially new areas of treatment. To highlight this, we will additionally explore the role of the environment and the microbiome in the development of obesity and functional bowel disorders.
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9.
Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review.
Phillips, CM, Chen, LW, Heude, B, Bernard, JY, Harvey, NC, Duijts, L, Mensink-Bout, SM, Polanska, K, Mancano, G, Suderman, M, et al
Nutrients. 2019;(8)
Abstract
There are over 1,000,000 publications on diet and health and over 480,000 references on inflammation in the National Library of Medicine database. In addition, there have now been over 30,000 peer-reviewed articles published on the relationship between diet, inflammation, and health outcomes. Based on this voluminous literature, it is now recognized that low-grade, chronic systemic inflammation is associated with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as impaired neurodevelopment and adverse mental health outcomes. Dietary components modulate inflammatory status. In recent years, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a literature-derived dietary index, was developed to characterize the inflammatory potential of habitual diet. Subsequently, a large and rapidly growing body of research investigating associations between dietary inflammatory potential, determined by the DII, and risk of a wide range of NCDs has emerged. In this narrative review, we examine the current state of the science regarding relationships between the DII and cancer, cardiometabolic, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, neurodevelopment, and adverse mental health outcomes. We synthesize the findings from recent studies, discuss potential underlying mechanisms, and look to the future regarding novel applications of the adult and children's DII (C-DII) scores and new avenues of investigation in this field of nutritional research.
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10.
Is chocolate consumption associated with health outcomes? An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Veronese, N, Demurtas, J, Celotto, S, Caruso, MG, Maggi, S, Bolzetta, F, Firth, J, Smith, L, Schofield, P, Koyanagi, A, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2019;(3):1101-1108
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The literature regarding the potential health benefits of chocolate consumption are unclear and the epidemiological credibility has not been systematically scrutinized, while the strength of the evidence is undetermined. We therefore aimed to map and grade the diverse health outcomes associated with chocolate consumption using an umbrella review of systematic reviews. METHODS Umbrella review of systematic reviews of observational and intervention studies (randomized placebo-controlled trials, RCTs). For each association, random-effects summary effect size, 95% confidence interval, and 95% prediction interval were estimated. We also assessed heterogeneity, evidence for small-study effect and evidence for excess significance bias. For significant outcomes of the RCTs, the GRADE assessment was furtherly used. RESULTS From 240 articles returned, 10 systematic reviews were included (8 of which included a meta-analysis), including a total of 84 studies (36 prospective observational studies and 48 interventional). Nineteen different outcomes were included. Among observational studies, including a total of 1,061,637 participants, the best available evidence suggests that chocolate consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death (n = 4 studies), acute myocardial infarction (n = 6), stroke (n = 5) and diabetes (n = 6), although this was based on a weak evidence of credibility. Across meta-analyses of intervention studies, chocolate consumption was positively associated with flow-mediated dilatation at 90-150 min (n = 3) and at 2-18 weeks (n = 3), and insulin resistance markers (n = 2). However, using the GRADE assessment, the evidence for these outcomes was low or very low. Data from two systematic reviews, reported that chocolate consumption was not associated with better depressive mood or cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS There is weak evidence to suggest that chocolate consumption may be associated with favorable health outcomes.