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Effects of Replacing Dietary Monounsaturated Fat With Carbohydrate on HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Protein Metabolism and Proteome Composition in Humans.
Andraski, AB, Singh, SA, Lee, LH, Higashi, H, Smith, N, Zhang, B, Aikawa, M, Sacks, FM
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2019;(11):2411-2430
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical evidence has linked low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels with high cardiovascular disease risk; however, its significance as a therapeutic target remains unestablished. We hypothesize that HDLs functional heterogeneity is comprised of metabolically distinct proteins, each on distinct HDL sizes and that are affected by diet. Approach and Results: Twelve participants were placed on 2 healthful diets high in monounsaturated fat or carbohydrate. After 4 weeks on each diet, participants completed a metabolic tracer study. HDL was isolated by Apo (apolipoprotein) A1 immunopurification and separated into 5 sizes. Tracer enrichment and metabolic rates for 8 HDL proteins-ApoA1, ApoA2, ApoC3, ApoE, ApoJ, ApoL1, ApoM, and LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)-were determined by parallel reaction monitoring and compartmental modeling, respectively. Each protein had a unique, size-specific distribution that was not altered by diet. However, carbohydrate, when replacing fat, increased the fractional catabolic rate of ApoA1 and ApoA2 on alpha3 HDL; ApoE on alpha3 and alpha1 HDL; and ApoM on alpha2 HDL. Additionally, carbohydrate increased the production of ApoC3 on alpha3 HDL and ApoJ and ApoL1 on the largest alpha0 HDL. LCAT was the only protein studied that diet did not affect. Finally, global proteomics showed that diet did not alter the distribution of the HDL proteome across HDL sizes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HDL in humans is composed of a complex system of proteins, each with its own unique size distribution, metabolism, and diet regulation. The carbohydrate-induced hypercatabolic state of HDL proteins may represent mechanisms by which carbohydrate alters the cardioprotective properties of HDL.
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Fatty acid-binding protein 2 Ala54Thr genotype is associated with insulin resistance and leptin levels changes after a high monounsaturated fat diet in obese non-diabetic patients.
de Luis, DA, Aller, R, Izaola, O, Gonzalez Sagrado, M, Conde, R
Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2013;(6):402-6
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been found that the expression of fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) mRNA is under dietary control. This polymorphism was associated with high insulin resistance, and fasting insulin concentrations. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Thr54 polymorphism in the FABP2 gene on metabolic response, weight loss and serum adipokine levels secondary to a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet. DESIGN A sample of 122 obese patients was analyzed in a prospective way. The hypocaloric diet had 1342 kcal, 46.6% of carbohydrates, 34.1% of lipids and 19.2% of proteins, with a 67.5% of monounsaturated fats, and lasted 3 months. RESULTS Fifty-five patients (45.1%) had the genotype Ala54/Ala54 (wild group) and 67 (64.9%) patients a mutant genotype, Ala54/Thr54 (54 patients, 44.3%) or Thr54/Thr54 (13 patients, 10.7%). In wild group, body mass index (-1.5±1.2 kg/m2), weight (-4.1±3.6 kg), fat mass (-3.6±3.3 kg), waist circumference (-4.9±2.9 cm), insulin (-1.7±3.6 mUI/l), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (-0.6±1.8 units) and leptin levels decreased (-7.6±7.1 ng/ml). In mutant group, anthropometric parameters improved, without changes in biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION Carriers of Thr54 allele have a different response than wild type obese, with a lack of decrease of insulin levels, leptin levels and HOMA-IR.
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Addendum to "Cognitive function in 18-month-old term infants of the DIAMOND study: a randomized, controlled clinical trial with multiple dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid" [Early Hum. Dev. 87 (2011) 223-230].
Drover, JR, Hoffman, DR, Wheaton, DH, Birch, EE, Castañeda, YS, Morale, SE, Garfield, S
Early human development. 2013;(3):195
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Intake levels of dietary long-chain PUFAs modify the association between genetic variation in FADS and LDL-C.
Hellstrand, S, Sonestedt, E, Ericson, U, Gullberg, B, Wirfält, E, Hedblad, B, Orho-Melander, M
Journal of lipid research. 2012;(6):1183-9
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the FA desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have been associated with LDL, HDL, and triglyceride concentrations. Because FADS converts α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid into PUFAs, we investigated the interaction between different PUFA intakes and the FADS polymorphism rs174547 (T>C) on fasting blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. We included 4,635 individuals (60% females, 45-68 years) from the Swedish population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Dietary intakes were assessed by a modified diet history method including 7-day registration of cooked meals. The C-allele of rs174547 was associated with lower LDL concentration (P = 0.03). We observed significant interaction between rs174547 and long-chain ω-3 PUFA intakes on LDL (P = 0.01); the C-allele was only associated with lower LDL among individuals in the lowest tertile of long-chain ω-3 PUFA intakes (P < 0.001). In addition, significant interaction was observed between rs174547 and the ratio of ALA and linoleic FA intakes on HDL (P = 0.03). However, no significant associations between the C-allele and HDL were detected within the intake tertiles of the ratio. Our findings suggest that dietary intake levels of different PUFAs modify the associated effect of genetic variation in FADS on LDL and HDL.
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Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study.
Iggman, D, Gustafsson, IB, Berglund, L, Vessby, B, Marckmann, P, Risérus, U
Journal of internal medicine. 2011;(4):356-64
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapeseed oil (RO), also known as canola oil, principally contains the unsaturated fatty acids 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and may promote cardiometabolic health. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects on lipoprotein profile, factors of coagulation and insulin sensitivity of replacing a diet rich in saturated fat from dairy foods (DF diet) with a diet including RO-based fat (RO diet). DESIGN During a 2×3-week randomized, controlled, cross-over trial, 20 free-living hyperlipidaemic subjects were provided with isocaloric test diets that differed in fat composition alone. Blood lipoprotein profile, coagulation and fibrinolytic factors and insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic clamp) were determined before and after the dietary intervention. RESULTS All subjects completed the study, and compliance was high according to changes in serum fatty acids. The RO diet, but not the DF diet, reduced the levels of serum cholesterol (-17%), triglycerides (-20%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-17%), cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio (-21%), apolipoprotein (apo) B/apo A-I ratio (-4%) and factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) (-5%) from baseline. These changes were significantly different between the diets (P=0.05 to P<0.0001), except for FVIIc (P=0.1). The RO diet, but not the DF diet, modestly increased serum lipoprotein(a) (+6%) and tended to increase the glucose disappearance rate (K-value, +33%). HDL cholesterol, insulin sensitivity, fibrinogen and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels did not change from baseline or differ between the two diets. CONCLUSIONS In a diet moderately high in total fat, replacing dairy fat with RO causes a rapid and clinically relevant improvement in serum lipoprotein profile including lowering of triglycerides in hyperlipidaemic individuals.
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Effect of intragastric acid stability of fat emulsions on gastric emptying, plasma lipid profile and postprandial satiety.
Marciani, L, Faulks, R, Wickham, MS, Bush, D, Pick, B, Wright, J, Cox, EF, Fillery-Travis, A, Gowland, PA, Spiller, RC
The British journal of nutrition. 2009;(6):919-28
Abstract
Fat is often included in common foods as an emulsion of dispersed oil droplets to enhance the organoleptic quality and stability. The intragastric acid stability of emulsified fat may impact on gastric emptying, satiety and plasma lipid absorption. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether, compared with an acid-unstable emulsion, an acid-stable fat emulsion would empty from the stomach more slowly, cause more rapid plasma lipid absorption and cause greater satiety. Eleven healthy male volunteers received on two separate occasions 500 ml of 15 % (w/w) [13C]palmitate-enriched olive oil-in-water emulsion meals which were either stable or unstable in the acid gastric environment. MRI was used to measure gastric emptying and the intragastric oil fraction of the meals. Blood sampling was used to measure plasma lipids and visual analogue scales were used to assess satiety. The acid-unstable fat emulsion broke and rapidly layered in the stomach. Gastric emptying of meal volume was slower for the acid-stable fat emulsion (P < 0.0001; two-way ANOVA). The rate of energy delivery of fat from the stomach to the duodenum was not different up to t = 110 min. The acid-stable emulsion induced increased fullness (P < 0.05), decreased hunger (P < 0.0002), decreased appetite (P < 0.0001) and increased the concentration of palmitic acid tracer in the chylomicron fraction (P < 0.04). This shows that it is possible to delay gastric emptying and increase satiety by stabilising the intragastric distribution of fat emulsions against the gastric acid environment. This could have implications for the design of novel foods.
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Biochemical effects of consumption of eggs containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Ohman, M, Akerfeldt, T, Nilsson, I, Rosen, C, Hansson, LO, Carlsson, M, Larsson, A
Upsala journal of medical sciences. 2008;(3):315-23
Abstract
Today, eggs with an increased content of -3 fatty acids are available but there are few publications on the effects of consumption of such eggs on the lipoproteins and acute phase markers in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of consumption of standard eggs and -3 enriched eggs on lipoproteins, glucose and inflammation markers. Nineteen healthy volunteers consumed one extra egg per day of either standard eggs or omega-3 enriched eggs in a double-blind, cross-over study. The duration of each period was 1 month. The effects of the different egg diets on apolipoprotein A1 and B (Apo A1 and B), lipoprotein (a), creatinine, cystatin C, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid protein A, interleukin 6, triglycerides, glucose, total-, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol concentrations were analyzed. Addition of one regular egg per day to the normal diet had no negative impact on blood lipids or inflammation markers. Consumption of omega-3 enriched eggs resulted in higher levels of ApoA1, lower ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and lower plasma glucose. These effects have been associated in previous studies with a reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality and diabetes.
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Extra-virgin vs. refined olive oil on postprandial hemostatic markers in healthy subjects.
Pacheco, YM, López, S, Bermúdez, B, Abia, R, Muriana, FJ
Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 2006;(6):1421-2
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Virgin Olive Oil Study (VOLOS): vasoprotective potential of extra virgin olive oil in mildly dyslipidemic patients.
Visioli, F, Caruso, D, Grande, S, Bosisio, R, Villa, M, Galli, G, Sirtori, C, Galli, C
European journal of nutrition. 2005;(2):121-7
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro, olive phenols exert potent antioxidant and enzyme-modulating activities. AIM OF THE STUDY We comparatively evaluate, in mildly dyslipidemic patients, the vasoprotective potential of extra virgin olive oil. METHODS 22 patients were administered 40 mL/day of either extra-virgin, i. e. phenol rich, or refined, i. e. phenol poor, olive oils (EVOO or ROO, respectively, with nearly identical fatty acid composition), with a crossover design. Each treatment was carried out for seven weeks, with four weeks of washout in between. Plasma antioxidant capacity, serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) formation, and urinary isoprostane excretion were evaluated as surrogate markers of cardioprotective potential and vascular function. RESULTS No effects on plasma lipid/lipoprotein profile were observed. Conversely, EVOO consumption was associated with favorable effects on circulating markers. Namely, decreased serum TXB2 production and increased plasma antioxidant capacity were observed when EVOO was administered in both treatment arms. Neither treatment had any significant effect on isoprostane excretion. CONCLUSIONS EVOO consumption by mildly dyslipidemic patients is associated with favorable changes in circulating markers of cardiovascular condition. Based on current knowledge, these effects may be associated with cardioprotection.
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Antioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trial.
Fitó, M, Cladellas, M, de la Torre, R, Martí, J, Alcántara, M, Pujadas-Bastardes, M, Marrugat, J, Bruguera, J, López-Sabater, MC, Vila, J, et al
Atherosclerosis. 2005;(1):149-58
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet, in which olive oil is the main source of fat, has been associated with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and low blood pressure levels. Virgin olive oil (VOO), besides containing monounsaturated fat, is rich in phenolic compounds (PC) with antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to examine the antioxidant and anti-hypertensive effect of two similar olive oils, but with differences in their PC (refined: 14.7 mg/kg versus virgin: 161.0 mg/kg), in 40 males with stable CHD. The study was a placebo controlled, crossover, randomized trial. A raw daily dose of 50 mL of VOO and refined olive oil (ROO) were sequentially administered over two periods of 3 weeks, preceded by 2-week washout periods in which ROO was used. Lower plasma oxidized LDL (p < 0.001) and lipid peroxide levels (p = 0.003), together with higher activities of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.033), were observed after VOO intervention. Systolic blood pressure decreased after intake of VOO (p = 0.001) in hypertensive patients. No changes were observed in diastolic blood pressure, glucose, lipids, and antibodies against oxidized LDL. Consumption of VOO, rich in PC, could provide beneficial effects in CHD patients as an additional and complementary intervention to the pharmacological treatment.