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1.
Liquid metal based theranostic nanoplatforms: Application in cancer therapy, imaging and biosensing.
Kulkarni, S, Pandey, A, Mutalik, S
Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 2020;:102175
Abstract
Liquid metals in recent years have grabbed the attention of researchers due to their expanded applicability not only in the field of therapeutics but also in theranostic. Acknowledged as a nuclear medicine due to its radioactivity, Gallium finds its widespread application in disorders of bone, calcium metabolism, and cancer. The present article deals with the advancement of gallium based nanoplatforms for therapy, imaging, and biosensing of cancers. The article describes the gallium based nanoconjugates and furnishes one's understanding of various therapeutic approaches such as photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy along with various imaging platforms and biosensing platforms. A brief section related to patents on gallium based nanoplatforms in cancer has been included along with various molecular docking and simulation studies done on gallium. The recent advancement with respect to drug delivery gives an insight into the future perspective of gallium based nanoplatforms in the field of cancer theranostic.
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2.
Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics.
Fusco, L, Gazzi, A, Peng, G, Shin, Y, Vranic, S, Bedognetti, D, Vitale, F, Yilmazer, A, Feng, X, Fadeel, B, et al
Theranostics. 2020;(12):5435-5488
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of death in the world; hence the development of more specific approaches for its diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed in clinical practice. Here we aim at providing a comprehensive review on the use of 2-dimensional materials (2DMs) in cancer theranostics. In particular, we focus on graphene-related materials (GRMs), graphene hybrids, and graphdiyne (GDY), as well as other emerging 2DMs, such as MXene, tungsten disulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), black phosphorus (BP), silicene, antimonene (AM), germanene, biotite (black mica), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and others. The results reported in the scientific literature in the last ten years (>200 papers) are dissected here with respect to the wide variety of combinations of imaging methodologies and therapeutic approaches, including drug/gene delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. We provide a unique multidisciplinary approach in discussing the literature, which also includes a detailed section on the characterization methods used to analyze the material properties, highlighting the merits and limitations of the different approaches. The aim of this review is to show the strong potential of 2DMs for use as cancer theranostics, as well as to highlight issues that prevent the clinical translation of these materials. Overall, we hope to shed light on the hidden potential of the vast panorama of new and emerging 2DMs as clinical cancer theranostics.
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3.
Reprogramming extracellular vesicles with engineered proteins.
Shi, X, Cheng, Q, Zhang, Y
Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2020;:95-102
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been emerging as a new class of cell-free therapy for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, tissue injuries, and inflammatory diseases. Reprograming native EVs by genetic engineering and other approaches offers an attractive prospect of extending therapeutic capabilities of EVs beyond their natural functions and properties. In this review article, we survey the state-of-the-art methods of EVs engineering and summarize major therapeutic applications of the reprogrammed EVs.
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4.
A review on anti-inflammatory activity of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle: Mechanism-based approach.
Agarwal, H, Shanmugam, V
Bioorganic chemistry. 2020;:103423
Abstract
Inflammation plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases like atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and cancer. Lack of anti-inflammatory drugs and vectors provokes the need for developing new molecules for the management of inflammatory disorders. Nanotechnology has emerged as a wonderful research area in the past decade owing to its enhanced properties than bulk counterparts. This paper discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) and various characterization tools employed to comprehend the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles. ZnO NPs interaction with cells and its pharmacokinetic behavior inside the cells has also been discussed. The anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO NPs has been elucidated with the mechanism-based approach. A concise literature review has been included which summarizes the size, shape of ZnO NPs and the inflammatory model used for analyzing the anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs potential offering towards anti-inflammatory activity like stable nature, selective targeting has been discussed briefly. The present study highlights the potential of ZnO NPs as an anti-inflammatory drug molecule or a vector for drug delivery.
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5.
Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols.
Yang, B, Dong, Y, Wang, F, Zhang, Y
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;(20)
Abstract
Polyphenols are micronutrients that are widely present in human daily diets. Numerous studies have demonstrated their potential as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and for cancer prevention, heart protection and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to their vulnerability to environmental conditions and low bioavailability, their application in the food and medical fields is greatly limited. Nanoformulations, as excellent drug delivery systems, can overcome these limitations and maximize the pharmacological effects of polyphenols. In this review, we summarize the biological activities of polyphenols, together with systems for their delivery, including phospholipid complexes, lipid-based nanoparticles, protein-based nanoparticles, niosomes, polymers, micelles, emulsions and metal nanoparticles. The application of polyphenol nanoparticles in food and medicine is also discussed. Although loading into nanoparticles solves the main limitation to application of polyphenolic compounds, there are some concerns about their toxicological safety after entry into the human body. It is therefore necessary to conduct toxicity studies and residue analysis on the carrier.
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6.
Methods for loading therapeutics into extracellular vesicles and generating extracellular vesicles mimetic-nanovesicles.
Nasiri Kenari, A, Cheng, L, Hill, AF
Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2020;:103-113
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs are enriched in active biomolecules and they can horizontally transfer cargo to recipient cells. In recent years EVs have demonstrated promising clinical applications due to their theragnostic potential. Although EVs have promising therapeutic potential, there are several challenges associated with using EVs before transition from the laboratory to clinical use. Some of these challenges include issues around low yield, isolation and purification methodologies, and efficient engineering (loading) of EVs with therapeutic cargo. Also, to achieve higher therapeutic efficiency, EV architecture and cargo may need to be manipulated prior to clinical application. Some of these issues have been addressed by developing biomimetic EVs. EV mimetic-nanovesicles (M-NVs) are a type of artificial EVs which can be generated from all cell types with comparable characteristics as EVs for an alternative therapeutic modality. In this review, we will discuss current techniques for modifying EVs and methodology used to generate and customize EV mimetic-nanovesicles.
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7.
Recent Advances in Oral Nano-Antibiotics for Bacterial Infection Therapy.
Wu, ZL, Zhao, J, Xu, R
International journal of nanomedicine. 2020;:9587-9610
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the main infectious diseases and cause of death worldwide. Antibiotics are used to treat various infections ranging from minor to life-threatening ones. The dominant route to administer antibiotics is through oral delivery and subsequent gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption. However, the delivery efficiency is limited by many factors such as low drug solubility and/or permeability, gastrointestinal instability, and low antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for targeting drug delivery, and a number of promising nanotherapeutic strategies have been widely explored to overcome these obstacles. In this review, we explore published studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the recent progress in the area of orally deliverable nano-antibiotic formulations. The first part of this article discusses the functions and underlying mechanisms by which nanomedicines increase the oral absorption of antibiotics. The second part focuses on the classification of oral nano-antibiotics and summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of nanoformulations including lipid, polymer, nanosuspension, carbon nanotubes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in oral delivery of antibiotics. Lastly, the challenges and future perspective of oral nano-antibiotics for infection disease therapy are discussed. Overall, nanomedicines designed for oral drug delivery system have demonstrated the potential for the improvement and optimization of currently available antibiotic therapies.
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8.
Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications.
Zhang, Y, Bi, J, Huang, J, Tang, Y, Du, S, Li, P
International journal of nanomedicine. 2020;:6917-6934
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, carrying nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other bioactive substances to play a role in the body's physiological and pathological processes. Compared to synthetic carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles, the endogeneity and heterogeneity of exosomes give them extensive and unique advantages in the field of disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the storage stability, low yield, low purity, and weak targeting of exosomes limit its clinical application. For this reason, further exploration is needed to optimize the above problems and facilitate future functional studies of exosomes. In this paper, the origin, classification, preparation and characterization, storage stability and applications of exosome delivery system are summarized and discussed by searching a large number of literatures.
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9.
The potential role of chitosan-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems in pancreatic cancer.
Sadoughi, F, Mansournia, MA, Mirhashemi, SM
IUBMB life. 2020;(5):872-883
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers and 12th most common cancer in the world. Due to the inaccessible anatomical position of the pancreas and asymptomatic early stages of this disease, PC has a high mortality rate. Therefore, providing reliable diagnostic and therapeutic tools are the keys to increase the PC survival rate. Nanotechnology is an inchoate field of science that previously scientists' tendency to enhance the efficacy of current preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods has oriented them to build a bridge between this science and medicine. In the case of PC, nanotechnology suggests using drug delivery devices for a more effective and targeted therapy. Chitosan is a natural polymer that recently has attracted a lot of attention for being renewable, nontoxic, and bioabsorbable. In this article, we tend to look for the answer to this question: has nanotechnology been successful in using chitosan-based nanoformulations as carriers for preventing more individuals from suffering or at least increasing the 5-year survival of the PC patients?
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10.
Nano-enabled personalized nutrition: Developing multicomponent-bioactive colloidal delivery systems.
McClements, DJ
Advances in colloid and interface science. 2020;:102211
Abstract
There is growing interest in the production of foods and beverages with nutrient and nutraceutical profiles tailored to an individual's specific nutritional requirements. In principle, these personalized nutrition products are formulated based on the genetics, epigenetics, metabolism, microbiome, phenotype, lifestyle, age, gender, and health status of a person. A challenge in this area is to create customized functional food and beverage products that contain the required combination of bioactive agents, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals, prebiotics and probiotics. Nanotechnology may facilitate the development of these kind of products since it can be used to encapsulate one or more bioactive agent in a single colloidal delivery system. This delivery system may contain one or more different kinds of colloidal particle, specifically designed to protect each nutrient in the food, but then deliver it in a bioavailable form after ingestion. This review article provides an overview of the different kinds of bioactives that need to be delivered, as well as some of the challenges associated with incorporating them into functional foods and beverages. It then highlights how nanotech-enabled colloidal delivery systems can be developed to encapsulate multiple bioactive agents in a form suitable for functional food applications, particularly in the personalized nutrition field.