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1.
Coffee Intake and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis.
Lee, A, Lim, W, Kim, S, Khil, H, Cheon, E, An, S, Hong, S, Lee, DH, Kang, SS, Oh, H, et al
Nutrients. 2019;(6)
Abstract
Many studies have explored the relationship between coffee-one of the most commonly consumed beverages today-and obesity. Despite inconsistent results, the relationship has not been systematically summarized. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis by compiling data from 12 epidemiologic studies identified from PubMed and Embase through February 2019. The included studies assessed obesity by body mass index (BMI, a measure of overall adiposity) or waist circumference (WC, a measure of central adiposity); analyzed the measure as a continuous outcome or binary outcome. Using random effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for continuous outcomes; summary relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for the highest vs. lowest categories of coffee intake were estimated for binary outcome. For BMI, WMD was -0.08 (95% CI -0.14, -0.02); RR was 1.49 (95% CI 0.97, 2.29). For WC, WMD was -0.27 (95% CI -0.51, -0.02) and RR was 1.07 (95% CI 0.84, 1.36). In subgroup analysis by sex, evidence for an inverse association was more evident in men, specifically for continuous outcome, with WMD -0.05 (95% CI -0.09, -0.02) for BMI and -0.21 (95% CI -0.35, -0.08) for WC. Our meta-analysis suggests that higher coffee intake might be modestly associated with reduced adiposity, particularly in men.
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Changing functional status within 6 months posttreatment is prognostic of overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer: NRG Oncology Study.
Eldridge, RC, Pugh, SL, Trotti, A, Hu, K, Spencer, S, Yom, SS, Rosenthal, D, Read, N, Desai, A, Gore, E, et al
Head & neck. 2019;(11):3924-3932
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Is posttreatment functional status prognostic of overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS In an HNC clinical trial, 495 patients had two posttreatment functional assessments measuring diet, public eating, and speech within 6 months. Patients were grouped by impairment (highly, moderately, modestly, or not impaired) and determined if they improved, declined, or did not change from the first assessment to the second. Multivariable Cox models estimated overall mortality. RESULTS Across all three scales, the change in posttreatment patient function strongly predicted overall survival. In diet, patients who declined to highly impaired had three times the mortality of patients who were not impaired at both assessments (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.60; 95% confidence interval, 2.02-6.42). For patients improving from highly impaired, mortality was statistically similar to patients with no impairment (HR = 1.38; 95% CI, 0.82-2.31). CONCLUSIONS Posttreatment functional status is a strong prognostic marker of survival in patients with HNC.
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Modelling positive consequences: Increased vegetable intakes following modelled enjoyment versus modelled intake.
Appleton, KM, Barrie, E, Samuel, TJ
Appetite. 2019;:76-81
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modelling has previously been demonstrated to encourage healthy eating, but the importance of modelling the behaviour versus modelling the positive consequences of the behaviour is unknown. This work investigated the impact of modelling carrot intake (the behaviour) and modelling carrot enjoyment (the positive consequences) on subsequent liking and consumption of carrots and sweetcorn. METHODS 155 children aged 7-10 years were randomized to hear a story where fictional characters consumed a picnic with either: no mention of carrot sticks (control) (N = 45); mention of carrot sticks that all characters ate (modelling intake) (N = 60); or mention of carrot sticks that the characters like (modelling enjoyment) (N = 50). Carrot and sweetcorn liking and intake were measured before and after the story during a 5 min task. RESULTS Carrot liking and intake after a story were higher following the story modelling carrot enjoyment compared to the stories not modelling enjoyment (smallest β = 0.16, p = 0.05), and in those with higher pre-story carrot liking and intake (smallest β = 0.25, p < 0.01). Sweetcorn liking and intake after a story were associated with pre-story sweetcorn liking and intake (smallest β = 0.28, p < 0.01), and sweetcorn intake was lower following the story modelling carrot enjoyment compared to the stories not modelling enjoyment (β = -0.17, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a role for modelling enjoyment to encourage vegetable liking and intake, although effects sizes were small. These findings also suggest a benefit from modelling the positive consequences of a behaviour for encouraging healthy food intake in children, while limited effects were found for modelling the behaviour itself.
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Motivation to eat and not to eat - The psycho-biological conflict in anorexia nervosa.
Frank, GKW, DeGuzman, MC, Shott, ME
Physiology & behavior. 2019;:185-190
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness with high mortality. Brain imaging research has indicated altered reward circuits in the disorder. Here we propose a disease model for anorexia nervosa, supported by recent studies, that integrates psychological and biological factors. In that model, we propose that there is a conflict between the conscious motivation to restrict food, and a body-homeostasis driven motivation to approach food in response to weight loss. These opposing motivations trigger anxiety, which maintains the vicious cycle of ongoing energy restriction and weight loss.
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A stimulus for eating. The use of neuromuscular transcutaneous electrical stimulation in patients affected by severe dysphagia after subacute stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Simonelli, M, Ruoppolo, G, Iosa, M, Morone, G, Fusco, A, Grasso, MG, Gallo, A, Paolucci, S
NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;(1):103-110
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a common problem in subacute stroke patients leading to aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Non-invasive neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) coupled with traditional therapy could be best treatment option for patients with post-stroke dysphagia, however results are still inconclusive and more studies are requested. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of laryngopharyngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation on dysphagia caused by stroke. METHODS Thirty-three patients affected by subacute stroke and dysphagia participated in this study. The subjects were divided into NMES plus traditional dysphagia training (n = 17) and traditional dysphagia training alone in a time matched condition (n = 16). Both groups were treated 5 days/week for 8 weeks. All patients were evaluated before and after the treatment. The study was designed as a single blind randomized controlled trial. Primary outcomes were considered the status of swallowing function according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the instrumental Fiberoptic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing examination, the Penetration Aspiration Scale and the Pooling score and the presence of oropharyngeal secretion. Secondary outcomes were the type of diet taken by mouth; the need for postural compensations and the duration of the dysphagia training. RESULTS A functional improvement was observed in both groups but treatment group showed a significant improvement for primary outcome with the exception of the pooling Score (p = 0.015, p = 0.203; p = 0.003; p = 0.048 respectively) and for secondary outcome p <0.005. The results confirm that laryngopharyngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation in post-stroke patients with dysphonia improve outcome of the training. CONCLUSIONS Laryngopharyngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be considered as an additional and effective treatment option for dysphagia after stroke.
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Effective Timing of Curcumin Ingestion to Attenuate Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness in Men.
Tanabe, Y, Chino, K, Sagayama, H, Lee, HJ, Ozawa, H, Maeda, S, Takahashi, H
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019;(1):82-89
Abstract
Curcumin is known to have potent anti-inflammatory effects. We have reported that acute curcumin ingestion attenuates eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. This study aimed to examine the effect of curcumin ingestion timing (before or after exercise) on the changes in muscle damage markers after eccentric exercise. In this randomized, single-blind, parallel design study, 24 healthy young men performed 30 maximal isokinetic (120º/s) eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors using an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects were randomly assigned to ingest 180 mg/d of oral curcumin either 7 d before (PRE) or 4 d after exercise (POST) or 180 mg/d of oral placebo 4 d after exercise (CON). The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the elbow flexors, elbow joint range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Changes in these variables were compared over time. In the POST group, ROM were higher at 3-4 d and muscle soreness was lower at 3 d after exercise compared with the CON group (p<0.05). However, in the PRE group, there were no significant differences compared with the CON group in changes in ROM and muscle soreness. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences among the groups in terms of changes in MVC torque and serum CK activity. Our results suggest that curcumin ingestion after exercise had a more beneficial effect in attenuating muscle soreness.
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Wheat Albumin Increases the Ratio of Fat to Carbohydrate Oxidation during the Night in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Saito, S, Sakuda, T, Shudo, A, Sugiura, Y, Osaki, N
Nutrients. 2019;(1)
Abstract
Not only are energy expenditure (EE) and the respiratory quotient (RQ) parameters of the energy nutrient utilization and energy balance, they are also related to the development of obesity. In this study, post-meal night-time energy metabolism was investigated following the oral ingestion of wheat albumin (WA) with a late evening meal. A randomly assigned, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial for a single oral ingestion in healthy participants was completed. The participants ingested the placebo (PL) or WA (1.5 g) containing tablets 3 minutes before the late evening meal at 22:00 hour, and energy metabolism was measured using a whole-room indirect calorie meter until wake-up. The participants were in bed from 00:00 hour until 06:30 hour. Twenty healthy participants completed the trial and were included in the analyses. Night-time RQ and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly lower following the WA treatment as compared with the PL treatment. Although the total EE was not significantly different between treatments, postprandial fat oxidation was significantly higher following the WA treatment as compared with the PL treatment. In conclusion, WA has the potential to shift the energy balance to a higher ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation during the night.
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Timing of high-intensity intermittent exercise affects ad libitum energy intake in overweight inactive men.
Panissa, VLG, Julio, UF, St-Pierre, DH, Tavares da Silva Gomes, A, Caldeira, RS, Lira, FS, Takito, MY, Franchini, E
Appetite. 2019;:104443
Abstract
The present study sought to clarify the impact of exercise intensity and timing on energy intake and appetite-related blood variables. Fourteen inactive overweight men were included in the study. Firstly, maximal aerobic power (MAP) was measured. Then, participants randomly performed 5 experimental sessions consisting of 30 min of steady-state exercise (SSE) at 50% of MAP, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) with 30s repetitions at MAP and 30s of passive recovery or no exercise (CTRL). Sessions were performed 1h (SSE1h and HIIE1h) or 2.5h (SSE2.5h and HIIE2.5h) after the consumption of a standardized breakfast. An ad libitum buffet was offered 3.5h after the completion of the breakfast. Absolute energy intake (EI) and relative energy intake (REI) (relative energy intake = energy intake - energy expenditure from exercise) were measured. Appetite (hunger, fullness and desire for specific foods) scores and circulating concentration of insulin and IL-6 were determined at 1h, 1.75h, 2.5h and 3.25h after breakfast while lactate was measured post-exercise. EI was greater after the CTRL session compared to HIIE2.5h (5045.9 ± 1873.5 kJ vs. 3716.1 ± 1688.7 kJ). REI was greater for the CTRL session (5045.9 ± 1873.5 kJ) than HIIE1h (3386.5 ± 1660.1 kJ), HIIE2.5h (2508.5 ± 1709.3 kJ) and SSE2.5h (3426.6 ± 1788.0 kJ). Higher hunger scores were observed following the CRTL session with respect to those of HIIE2.5h. Insulin and IL-6 concentrations were greater after HIIE1h and SSE1h with respect to those obtained after HIIE2.5h, SSE2.5h and CTRL. Lactate concentrations were higher in HIIE1h and HIIE2.5h compared to those of SSE1h and SSE2.5h. These results show that HIIE performed 2.5h after a breakfast reduced appetite (hunger scores) and EI through mechanism that need to be characterized. This approach can be applied to individuals aiming to create an energetic deficit.
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Long-Term Ultra-High Hydrostatic Pressurized Brown Rice Intake Prevents Bone Mineral Density Decline in Elderly Japanese Individuals.
Matsuzaki, K, Yano, S, Sumiyoshi, E, Shido, O, Katsube, T, Tabata, M, Okuda, M, Sugimoto, H, Yoshino, K, Hashimoto, M
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019;(Supplement):S88-S92
Abstract
Bone embrittlement with aging, namely osteoporosis, is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, and can lead to increased risk of fracture. The development of functional foods that can prevent geriatric diseases is in progress. Our focus was on brown rice because of its properties. An interventional study using of ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice (UHHPBR) for human has not yet been conducted. In this study, we investigated whether long-term dietary intake of UHHPBR prevents aging-related decline of bone mineral density in elderly Japanese individuals. Elderly participants (n=40; mean 73.1 y) in Iinan-cho, Shimane, Japan, were randomly divided into two groups. The UHHPBR-intake group (n=20) consumed 100 g of UHHPBR and 100 g of white rice (WR) per day for 12 mo, while the WR-intake group (n=20) consumed 200 g of WR per day. Pre- and 12-mo post-intervention, bone mineral density was evaluated by quantitative ultrasound. After 12 mo of intervention, the UHHPBR group's bone mineral density was significantly higher than the WR group's bone mineral density. Moreover, chronic intake of UHHPBR had no adverse side effects on participants. Long-term oral UHHPBR intake may have beneficial effects on bone mineral density decline and may attenuate osteoporosis in the elderly.
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10.
Eat to avoid negative self-awareness: Locus of control and core self-evaluation as serial mediators in the effect of stress on food intake.
Qi, W, Cui, L
Appetite. 2019;:104401
Abstract
The primary hypothesis of escape theory lies in that those who are under stress eat to escape from negative self-awareness. Although escape theory has been well cited in the eating literature, relatively few studies have directly tested its applicability to stress-induced eating. The aim of the present study is to provide causal evidence on using escape theory to explain the effect of stress on food intake. Specifically, we examined whether locus of control (LOC) and core self-evaluation (CSE) are serial mediators in the effect of stress on food intake. By a longitudinal experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to a stress group or a control group, and data on LOC, CSE, and food intake were collected at 3 waves. The results indicated that LOC and CSE are serial mediators in the effect of stress on food intake, though the direct effect of stress conditions remained significant. Our findings support the applicability of escape theory to interpret why stress increases food intake, and exclusion of LOC as an indicator of CSE. Thus, the present study provides causal evidence on escape theory by shedding light on the sequential mediating effect of LOC and CSE. Future research need to pay more attention to the evaluative process in stress-induced eating.